The Vienna Declaration and Program of Action was constructed on the basis of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 and refocuses efforts to strengthen international human rights. In 1989 the General Assembly of the United Nations declared that the international community needed to meet with the purpose of reviewing and analyzing progress in human rights since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. It was decided that a conference was needed to identify obstacles in t

There has been much good that has come from the Vienna Declaration and Program of Action. Before the final signing of the declaration, the Islamic nations in attendance agreed to re-ratify treaties that stated that the death penalty is a violation on the ban on cruel and inhuman treatment (Drinan, 2001: 133). This signifies that the Islamic nations present were willing to compromise with the United States who refused to sign such treaties without having the death penalty removed from the cruel and inhuman treatment category.

Article 27 states that the “State Parties recognize the right of every child to a standard of living adequate for the child’s physical, mental, and spiritual development.” In Russia, the government is trying to send a tough on crime message. Therefore, children are imprisoned for a minimum of two years for petty crimes like stealing a sweatshirt or a load of bread. While there, the children are given the bare minimum. There is no contact to the outside world and everyday is filled with hard work until the day that one is released. These children are deprived of a childhood (Innocents Lost).

Section I Number 27 of the Vienna Declaration states that “every state should provide an effective framework of remedies to redress human rights grievances or violations” (Drinan, 2001: 206). While many states have been developing their own courts, should their citizens want another court to go to they can go to an international court, such as the International Court of Justice or the International Criminal Court. While these two courts have their own problems, they are a start towards the right direction.

A final obstacle to a fuller development and realization of human rights is that some crimes are not fully recognized as violations. The most common of these violations is genocidal rape and rape during the time of war. Genocidal rape can be characterized as incredibly brutal, usually done in public, and often by a gang of men (Copelon, 1995: 205). This rape is not taking place during riots and such outbreaks, it is

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