Civilization reached a high level in Egypt at an early period. By 3000 BC two earlier nations had joined to form a single Egyptian nation under a single ruler. Agriculture had been developed making heavy use of the regular wet and dry periods of the year. The Nile flooded during the rainy season providing fertile land which complex irrigation systems made fertile for growing crops. Knowing when the rainy season was about to arrive was vital and the study of astronomy developed to provide calendar information. The large area covered by the Egyptian nation required complex administration, a system of taxes, and armies had to be supported. As the society became more complex, records required to be kept, and computations done as the people bartered their goods. A need for counting arose, and then writing and numerals were needed to record transactions. By 3000 BC the Egyptians had already developed their hieroglyphic writing. This marked the beginning of the Old Kingdom period during which the pyramids were built. Hieroglyphs for writing and counting gave way to a hieratic script for both writing and numerals. The Egyptian number systems were not well suited for arithmetica

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