Sickle Cell Anemia is the most common single gene disorder found mostly among Black Americans. According to scientific research, it usually affects approximately one in 375 people of African roots. Sickle Cell conditions are also found in people from the Mediterranean countries such as Turkey, the Arabian peninsula, and the Indian subcontinent. Extensive research has also proved that Spanish speaking people in the United States, and people from the Caribbean and South and Central America, are also affected by Sickle Cell Anemia. The first case of Sickle Cell Anemia was first published in 1910 by scientists, and has been followed by at least six decades of many observations,

According to some research, the most common forms, or variations of Sickle Cell Anemia are homozygous (hemoglobin SS disease), heterozygous sickle cell hemoglobin C disease (hemoglobin SC disease), and the sickle Beta-thalassemia. Children and adults with homozygous sickle cell disease inherit a sickle cell (S) gene from each of their parents, and shows all the signs and symptoms of Sickle Cell Anemia, such as painful joints, chest pain, and kidney problems. Individuals with hemoglobin C disease inherit the S gene from one parent and a C gene from another. This means that they also show all the signs and symptoms of Sickle Cell Anemia. In some studies, it was shown that no normal hemoglobin (hemoglobin A) are produced by either one of the patients who has any one of the forms of the disease.

Bone marrow transplants have also had a big impact on treating Sickle Cell Anemia. In a recent study that has been done, 50 children received matched sibling marrow transplants in one of 24 transplant centers in United States and Europe from 1991-1999. The probability of survival for 8 years following transplant was 94%. Event free survival was 84% and estimated 10% incidence for graft rejection and return of sickle cell disease. According to some studies, 22 patients of 26 who had a two year follow up were resolved of their sickle cell disease. The first case of bone marrow transplant to treat Sickle Cell Anemia was in the United States in 1983 on an 8 year old girl with Sickle Cell Anemia and acute myelogenous leukemia, and she was cured of both diseases. In the treatment of Sickle Cell Anemia, there have been many ways to treat the complications that come with it. There have been many advances in treating pain, renal complications, Acute Chest Syndrome, and infections, and testing for Sickle Cell Anemia. Many of these treatments include blood cultures to test for high leukocytes, use of pain medications for pain, and tests shown to detect blood or protein in the blood. For the Acute Chest Syndrome, nitrous oxide is the best treatment. There are even DNA analysis testing to see who is likely to have children with Sickle Cell Anemia. Also, bone marrow transplant has proven very effective in treating and helping to cure sickle cell disease, although the experience with it has been limited. According to studies, in another 20 years, Sickle Cell Anemia will become one of many chronic illnesses that if properly handled and treated, will not interfere with activity, growth, and mental development. In conclusion, sickle cell anemia is a very serious disease that affects a large percentage of the African American population. For this reason, it is important for all health professionals should take authority of the proper treatment and management of individuals afflicted with sickle cell anemia. This is extremely important due to the tolerance of these individuals to infection, stages of acute crisis, as well as, death.

There are many kinds of complications with Sickle Cell Anemia that can become very severe if left untreated. Some of these complications include infection, acute splenic sequestration crisis, renal complications, Acute Chest Syndrome, and pain. With infection, individuals with Sickle Cell are defenseless to sepsis, which is caused by germs and bacteria. Blood cultures are importa

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