Espionage is the secret gathering of information on rival countries for military purposes. Espionage can be used in business, military, economic or political decisions however; it is commonly employed government for defensive tactics. Espionage or spying is illegal in many nations however, it gains profits from agencies to protect the secrecy of information that is desired.

Espionage is an old ancient craft; it has been used through out history. The Bible’s book of Joshua (The Old Testament) states that the leaders secretly sent out spies to reconnoiter a country. Also the Chinese Military theorist Sun Tzu’s, who wrote a book The Art Of War written in 500 B.C, provides instruction for organizing an espionage system with agents and defectors also known as rebels. Homer a Greek philosopher who wrote “Illiad” mentions the Egyptians had a well-developed secret service and spying agents. During the middle ages Joan of Arc , the world renown female spy was betrayed by Bishop Pierre Cauchon of Beavais, As a result Sir Francis Walsingham developed an efficient political spy system for Elizabeth I. During the American Revolution, Nathan Hale and Benedict Arnold achieved their

Today, many governments maintain some kind of intelligence agency as a survival tool in a world where dangers and uncertainties still exist. For example during the Cold War, espionage was a very important factor for many nations between the United States and the Soviet Union. Even though, the cold war has ended, hostilities and wars still continue in many parts of Eastern Europe, the former USSR, the Middle East and Africa. It is important for nations to have some sort of intelligence organization for protection against other nations if there is an attack.

· Thirdly, agents are gathered from the underground world of espionage, which include, mastermind criminals, informers, computer hackers with an appropriate experience.

Agents are trained to have the ability of spying - the first objective is to have some sort of desired information, which requires knowing where the information is located and who can obtain it. The information can be obtained or available in a foreign newspaper, radio broadcast, or it can also be obtained by technological electronic messages encrypted in a code or by placing an agent in an area to retrieve the information. Once the information is gathered the decision is chosen how the information is supplied and how it is an advantage to them.

Today’s communication technology and computer devices aid the development of efficient espionage techniques. The development of miniaturized cameras and microphones has made it easy for espionage agents to photograph and record documents. The use of satellites has a function of aerial photography for the purpose of detecting military secrets around the world and able agents to view anything around the world. Espionage provided the incentive for development of such devices and gadgets that have been developed, such as miniature telephones, photographs, miniature electronic listening devices and recorders. For example, a miniature microphone no bigger than a match head th

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