... facilitated development is argued to be an important antecedent to creativity, whereas a controlling leadership style is related to reduced motivation, creativity and innovation (Beugelsdijk, 2008). Additionally, Montag et al. (2012) found that supervisory feedback is important for creativity. 7 Workforce flexibility was found to have a negative impact on creativity (Beugelsdijk, 2008), a finding that might be ... organisational culture has an important impact on knowledge sharing in the organisation An organisational culture that encourages trust between employees are facilitating knowl...

• Word Count: 8768
• Approx Pages: 35
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... As in the frontal lobes, age-related changes in brain activation during task performance have been observed in the cerebellum, superior colliculus, thalamus, striatum, parietal cortex, and hippocampus (Luna et al., 2001; Mueller et al., 1998). It has become quite clear over recent years that alcohol impacts both behavior and brain function differently in adolescents and adults (Smith, 2003). For instance, the available evidence ... use (DAWN, 2001). The proportion of high school students consuming alcohol, as well as the rate of heavy drinking, remained relatively stable during the past ...

• Word Count: 2963
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... -behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques are efficacious for treating anxiety disorders, such as SAD, in youth (see Barrett, Dadds, & Rapee, 1996; Kendall, 1994; Kendall et al., 1997; Silverman, Kurtines, Ginsburg, Weems, Lumpkin, et al., 1999) and its detailed structuring to target cognitive distortions and behavior change, Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) has become a go to therapy choice for those children suffering ... met diagnostic criteria for separation anxiety disorder and by the two month follow up, none of the participants met criteria for a clinical diagnosis of SAD (Santucci et ...

• Word Count: 3134
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... growing body of research supports the hypothesis that schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder (Beauregard and Bachevalier, 1996). Schizophrenics frequently exhibit neurological abnormalities throughout their lifespan (Olin et al., 1996). Development of a genetically distinct organism begins at conception; negative environmental influence is possible in gestation and throughout the lifespan. The initial environment any child experiences ... shows a micronutritional deficiency causing neurodevelopmental defect; a parallel mechanism may be at work in schizophrenia. As succinctly put ...

• Word Count: 2018
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... its business activities (McLean, J. 2011). 3.1 De-centralisation Decentralisation is the process of systematically delegating power and authority throughout the organisation to middle and lower level managers (Davidson et al, 2009). Under Myer's new management, it has overhauled its entire management system, changing the business from a "pyramidal-hierarchy " structure to a "flat-hierarchy " structure, as ... 3: Dispersal of Myers store in the Australia Region Source: www.myers.com.au/stores.aspx 3.2.2 Functional Departmentalisation Functional Departmentalisation groups jobs by the funct...

• Word Count: 1956
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... pressure for low inflation, while on the other hand it may encourage processes that make it easier for the government to influence monetary policy, thereby reducing actual independence. Cukierman et al conclude that there is a vicious circle between inflation and low levels of inflation. When sufficiently sustained, inflation erodes CBI. Then low independence contributes to higher inflation. De ... found that New Zealand, who had the lowest independence had the highest fiscal deficit and the United States with the highest independence had a similar deficit to the other countries. Grilli...

• Word Count: 4086
• Approx Pages: 16
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... home learning can be more effective and richer than school learning. However, parental involvement is not necessarily advantageous: a number of families experience considerable conflict over homework (Hoover-Dempsey et al., 2001). Solomon, Warin & Lewis (2002) suggest that parental commitment to homework is critical, and that schools should work towards 'A learning partnership with parents'. They ... Left Behind and educational reform, many students are receiving increased amounts of homework. Students with learning disabilities are more likely to have homework problems than their c...

• Word Count: 2339
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and postmenopausal women. Also, depletion of these hormones places women at a higher risk of developing other more serious conditions such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and Alzheimer's (Simon et al., 2001). Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) administers natural or synthetically derived hormones to supplement a menopausal woman's own diminished supply. Currently there are several HRT's available, offering ... a range of doses of estrogen alone or in combination with progesterone delivered orally, transdermally or through injection (Simon et al, 2001). For healthy perimenopausal a...

• Word Count: 1406
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... role in. Interventions that have focused on the enhancement of self-efficacy levels rather than typical strategies in reducing alcohol consumption rates have proven to be more effective (Holloway et al., 2006) suggesting psychological theories should be used within the development of an intervention aimed at university full time undergraduates. Young and Oei (1996) produced the Drinking Refusal ... Self-Efficacy Questionnaire- Revised (DRSEQ-R) and after confirmatory analysis, found it offers a stable factor structure and consistent validity (Oei et al., 2004). The success of the questio...

• Word Count: 1966
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... concept needed to be developed which would transcend appropriately into organisational life, which is, according to Diamond & Allcorn (1985), "on-going, emotionally charged and psychologically complex ". Truss et al (2006), defines employee engagement as a passion for work, which encompasses the three elements of engagement, previously discussed by Kahn (1990) in one psychological state. Due to the varying ... in numerous ways, a number of those definitions within their construct are similar to more established con-structural definitions relating to organisational commitment and organisa...

• Word Count: 9462
• Approx Pages: 38
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... concept needed to be developed which would transcend appropriately into organisational life, which is, according to Diamond & Allcorn (1985), "on-going, emotionally charged and psychologically complex ". Truss et al (2006), defines employee engagement as a passion for work, which encompasses the three elements of engagement, previously discussed by Kahn (1990) in one psychological state. Due to the varying ... in numerous ways, a number of those definitions within their construct are similar to more established con-structural definitions relating to organisational commitment and organisa...

• Word Count: 9462
• Approx Pages: 38
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... copy (Bulger and Groudine, 1999). Globin gene expression along with chromatin structure and timing of replication across the entire locus is significantly affected when the LCR is deleted (Iler et. al, 1999; Horak et. al, 2002). It was initially proposed that LCR was required to open chromatin; however, recent experiments have shown that there is a persistence of a DNase I-sensitive chromatin structure ... when LCR was deleted from the locus (Gribrau et al, 2000; Tanimoto and Engel, 2000). As a result, LCR is not the sole requirement for activation of the chromatin structure, therefore i...

• Word Count: 1387
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... (Alegria, Atkins, Farmer, Slaton, & Stelk, 2010). Current research is closely linking the social environment with expression of disease, risk of developments of mental disorder, and resiliency factors (Alegria et al., 2010). With symptom expression, risk, and prevalence of mental disorders varying across factors such as culture, gender, and age (Alegría, Pescosolido, Williams, & Canino, 2011). Today our society ... in directing further research (Kirmayer, 2012). Therefore, today evidenced-based practice requires careful consideration of socio-cultural differences in the classification ...

• Word Count: 2238
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... moderators which consists of gender, education, ethnicity, age, and genetics. The link between depression and obesity turned out to be common in females then males (Leventhal et al., 2010). Research by Leventhal et al. (2010) supports that major depression and obesity is associated with each other because depressed individuals engage in unhealthy eating behavior; an example of this would be binge ... diminish the major depression association. However, the alternative use of tobacco at any level of habitual degree could offset major obesity relations according to a substitute addiction fr...

• Word Count: 860
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... emissions in a particular country, will result in a significant drop in their prices, resulting in economic gains for fossil-fuel importers, and losses for fossil-fuel exporters [Bernstein et al., 1999]. Depending on the carbon tax and the carbon intensity of the product, reduce international competitiveness. In energy-intensive industries, such as chemicals, steel, or cement, mitigating countries ... global warming could increase this number to sixty percent [McMichael and Haines, 1997]. Algae and Vibrio Cholerae thrive with increased carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and warmer environments [...

• Word Count: 3241
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... overall state of Canada's recreational facilities does not exist, a survey of Canadian freshwater fisheries identified substantial areas showing general declines in a number of recreational fish species (Post et al 2002). The areas of decline tended to be near those areas of urban development and larger population density. Even with surveys that show a decline in some fish populations, ... fertilization of water bodies, or other management initiatives intended to artificially maintain angling opportunities in the face of increasing demand coupled with dwindling natural stocks." (Post et...

• Word Count: 1784
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the level of effort they expend, their perseverance when faced with difficulties, and the thought patterns and emotional reactions they experience (Bandura, 1981, 1986, 1988, cited in Seeman et al. 1999). Specifically, individuals with weaker self-efficacy beliefs tend to curtail their range of activities and put forth less effort, with less perseverance, in those they undertake (Bandura, ... with successful performance of such behaviour, possible contributing to greater likelihood of perceiving oneself as being unable to perform such behaviours and to self-report functional disability ...

• Word Count: 1004
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... relationship between the SES (socio-economic status) and the National Merit Scholarship, which he discovered was fixed and immutable just as the long established European social hierarchies (Heller, et. al 587). Martin D. Jenkins, another can American educational researcher, compared the intelligence among Whites and Blacks and discovered that were no "superior cases" found in the latter ... this is true, therefore a conclusion can be made: The gifted program are serving to widen the gap between society's 'have' and 'have-nots' (Heller, et. al 588). Borland and Wright believes ...

• Word Count: 1498
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... relationship between the SES (socio-economic status) and the National Merit Scholarship, which he discovered was fixed and immutable just as the long established European social hierarchies (Heller, et. al 587). Martin D. Jenkins, another can American educational researcher, compared the intelligence among Whites and Blacks and discovered that were no "superior cases" found in the latter ... this is true, therefore a conclusion can be made: The gifted program are serving to widen the gap between society's 'have' and 'have-nots' (Heller, et. al 588). Borland and Wright believes ...

• Word Count: 1498
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to effectively transition into employment or further schooling pathways (Kirby 2000; Prime Minister's Youth Pathways Action Plan Taskforce2001; Dwyer et al. 1998; Stokes 2000; Bradshaw et al. 2001; Department of Premier and Cabinet [DPC] 2002; Heffernan et al. 2005; Department for Victorian Communities [DPCD] 2006). In its report, titled Pathways to Prevention (1999), the National Crime Prevention ... development opportunities helps young people to create careers narratives of some substance (Education Foundation 2001; Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations ...

• Word Count: 5459
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to effectively transition into employment or further schooling pathways (Kirby 2000; Prime Minister's Youth Pathways Action Plan Taskforce2001; Dwyer et al. 1998; Stokes 2000; Bradshaw et al. 2001; Department of Premier and Cabinet [DPC] 2002; Heffernan et al. 2005; Department for Victorian Communities [DPCD] 2006). In its report, titled Pathways to Prevention (1999), the National Crime Prevention ... development opportunities helps young people to create careers narratives of some substance (Education Foundation 2001; Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations ...

• Word Count: 5495
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... study which supports the thirty degree tilted position did advise that this position appeared to be technically lacking scientifically however is still effective in pressure ulcer prevention. Additionally the Kallman et al. (2012) findings found that supine position resulted in an increase of blood flow in comparison to all other positions. Therefore, this decreases the risk of a pressure ulcer ... medical records and the actual repositioning conducted therefore falsifying the findings as well as the observational design study which generally provides weak evidence. In contrast to these ...

• Word Count: 1385
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... was firstly of a descriptive nature, describing the spread of industries, whilst also attempting to explain "why and in what ways regions" differed from each other (Bryson, et al., 1999, p. 8). These descriptive and theoretical explanations were accompanied by efforts to make geography as a whole more analytical (Scott, 2000). As a consequence, economic geographers undertook spatial ... decline of previously successful industries such as General Motors, presented economic geographers with new questions to tackle. Meanwhile, a growing "Marxist critique of capitalism" (Bryson, et al., 199...

• Word Count: 1523
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... aversive and interesting pictures was greatly enhanced. There was also significant correlation between individual recognition memory enhancement for pleasant and aversive pictures and bilateral amygdala activity. Hamann et al. makes very convincing correlations between enhancement of memory and amygdala activity during pleasant and aversive stimuli, based on recognition study results. However some cognitive psychologists criticize ... personal rating from the subjects, where they could report which images got higher confidence ratings for later recall and recognition. An important dimens...

• Word Count: 1366
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... related to degree of prisonization (Zingraff, 1975). External factors to the correctional facility have a direct effect on the prisonization of inmates (Thomas & Zingraff, 1976). Thomas et al. (1978, p. 389) emphasized the point that prisonization appeared most likely among those whose anticipation regarding their future life chances were negative. Second, the impact of alienation ... and degree of prisonization, another area of interest within an organizational communication framework. This hypothesis replicated earlier research on powerlessness and prisonization (Thomas & Zingraft, 19...

• Word Count: 5169
• Approx Pages: 21
• Grade Level: Undergraduate