... them the ability to lower the costs of the selected industry and finally the authority to order mergers and the creation of cartels and bank based conglomerates- which gave them the power to supervise competition. However Japan's economy had few sources from which to rebuild industry. Also ... banks of last resort' and a two-tiered structure of government overloaning. The institutions created as a result of this, especially the Japan Development Bank became tremendously powerful as a result of their decisions to give or refuse loans to industry. The government made loans to city banks wh...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... percent in the first half of the year. It is much more higher than just 1-2% of other main industry countries, such as Japan, European Union, and the United States. In addition, the foreign direct investment rose by 34.4% while trade surplus extended to 4.5 billion U.S dollars that was mainly ... contributed by the trade with the United States. The United States, European Union and Japan stated that China is plundering their global market share with unfair competition advantage, which is made by cheap currency policy. They complained ... raw materials or parts to Chinese-based plants. ...

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... , down from 26.3 percent in 1990 and 28.7 percent in 1970. 2.1.3 Trade policy Japan's main trading partners are the United States, East and Southeast Asian countries, and the European Union particularly Germany and the United Kingdom. As a percentage of the country's GDP, exports of manufactured goods general and electrical machinery, automobiles, chemicals, steel, and textiles amounted to 8.9 percent ... leading securities markets. In Japan, cash payment is upon receiving ordered goods. Payment methods accepted in Japan include prepaid electric money, virtual credit card systems, payment...

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