More than the Western economies of the US and Europe Japan can be seen as the most important case of a government influencing the economy without directly controlling production or taking a centrally planned role.
.
In Japan, industrial policy is a reflection of economic nationalism. This means that one gives priority to the interests of one's own nation but not necessarily involving protectionism, trade controls or economic warfare. Nationalism may mean these things, but it is equally possible that free trade will be in the national interest during particular periods as it was for Japan from the 1970's onwards. Industrial policy is however a recognition that the global economic system is never thought of merely in terms of the freely competitive mode.
There are two basic components to Japanese industrial policy, corresponding to the macro and micro aspects of the economy. The Japanese call the micro aspect industrial rationalisation policy and the macro aspect industrial structure policy.
Industrial rationalisation means state intrusion into the detailed operations of individual operations with measures intended to improve these operations (or even on occasion to abolish the enterprise).
Industrial structure policies are an attempt by the state to select and develop strategic industries. The government attempts to change the proportions of certain industries in ways it deems advantageous to the nation.
Japan's industrial policy can be dated from the Meiji Restoration of 1868. At the dawn of this period the country had just emerged from the feudalistic Tokugawa shoganate system. Japan found itself decades behind the West in both technology as well as the size of its physical capital stock. The oligarchies that ruled Japan believed that it would become another China and get carved up by Western industrial powers. They built a non-political civil bureaucracy and embarked on a forced draft industrialisation programme.
Men assumed supervisory roles over women and received higher wages. Unsupervised young women away from home generated societal fears over their fate. ... Europe made up 25% of world pop - the most it ever has. ... Sanitation by sewers, etc., were- methods adopted all over Europe. ... • Origins of the Industrial Working Class (Proletariat). ...
IMPLICATION OF FORMING SEM ON MEI"S BUSINESS POLICY 9 CHAPTER 3 RECOMMENDATIONS 11 3.1 VISION 35 11 3.2 ACTION SUGGESTED 11 3.2.1 Organizational Structure 11 3.2.2 Product Innovation 12 3.2.3 Cost Reduction 13 3.2.4 Price Uniform 14 3.2.5 European Brand Image 14 CONCLUSION 15 BIBLIOGRAPHY 16 Introduction Matsushita Electrical Industrial Co. ... Over the next three years, its revenues moved forward to new business area (61% in 1994). ... The Principles do not change, although interpretations and implementation naturally evolve to fit changing circumstances. 1.3 Business poli...
Organisation Excellence is integrated into business through strategy by understanding the core process and involving people. ... The total quality management was divided into three models. the first was 'The Deming Model' which was only used in Japan. ... In recent years this model has been preferred over the ISO 9000 by many organisations as it provides better productivity, improved motivation, enhances quality and reduces cost and wastages. ... The move from an agrarian, rural, small economy to an urban, industrial, large economy took a long time but eventually, and inevitably, so...
In the past there has been a lot of research done on motivation through expectation, but no research has looked in to the results of participation in training and development, or have looked at it as compared to the concept of the motivation to learn. ... They took the same survey at Time 1 and at Time 2, a year later. About 52% of the sample was male that were the ages 25 to 54, plus over half of them had earned degrees. ... Second, accountable trainees will engage in strategies to enhance learning during the training more than subjects that were unaccountable. ... Each of these samples e...
The innovative quick service restaurant concept pioneered by Dick and Mac McDonald in San Bernadino, CA has evolved into the world's largest food service organization serving millions of customers a day across countries. ... In 1985 McDonald's was added to the 30-company Dow Jones Industrial Average McDonald's serves 45 million people every day in about 29,000 restaurants in 121 countries. ... How we implement these strategies varies by market. ... Japan, which we operate through a joint venture, is our largest market in Asia/Pacific. Despite their recession, we have g...
The JIT manufacturing model has been used within a lot of manufacturing and has given Japan manufacturing massive success over the last few decades especially for Toyota (Aljian,1984).The JIT approach model involves continuous commitment to the pursuit of excellence in all phases of the manufacturing system design and operation. ... This has proven be a great strategy for the management team and has resulted in some big wins. ... Part of Ford's organization's lean resource strategy was to complete a SWOT analysis. ... At that time Ford had 97 different models. ... Continuous improve...
Other parties waited a further week, so there was plenty of time to consider a response. ... Committed to offensive strategies, dependent on the hope that any war would be short and reliant on the implementation of their carefully developed plans, the general staffs believed they had prepared for almost every possible contingency. ... That nations were unprepared for 4 years of attrition in the trenches could still mean they intended conflict of another shape entirely, but were surprised by the situation that evolved once hostilities commenced. ... As her navy and industrial capacity are adde...
Figure 1 illustrates as how to be more than just being a total quality or adaptive organization. It means learning how to anticipate and stay ahead at impending changes (qualities of learning organizations) and how to continuously improve to maintain a competitive advantage. ... For this they create continuous improvement strategies. ... These are the strategies that help in creation of what is called a virtual organization. ... Although eBay has spawned many ...
"The simple minimum for Knowledge Management is to make KM strategy a actuality: to confirm that people are out there relating the best knowledge which BP has, in a constant manner all over the world," says Houston- BP consultant Wendy C Valot. ... Now this knowledge is being leveraged on a worldwide scale by task engineers in Japan, Poland, China, and Venezuela. ... Strategy and Leadership One of the BP's impressive aspects is the grade to which it has combined tactical work with knowledge, and has learned to effort across structural silos so this knowledge is shared, productivities ar...
