"To clone any animal, Navara says the first step is to take the DNA out of an egg. DNA is the part of a cell that tells it what to do. Then, scientists inject the DNA from the organism they want to clone into that egg and try to get it to divide and grow into an embryo. ... Gene therapy is currently limited because of inefficient vectors, or viruses that convey new genes into cells. A copy of a defective gene is in every cell of the body" (Hoon 1). ...

• Word Count: 672
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

A very significant contribution came in 1944 when American Oswald Avery located the nucleic acid DNA as the carrier of genetic information, instead of proteins in the cell. Further insight into this concept came in 1950 when Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used radioactively labeled E. coli to prove that DNA and not proteins had penetrated interior of cells and was the true carrier of heredity. ... A glass needle was then used to remove the egg's own nucleus, and was replace with the nucleus of the blastula cell. ... He fused a cell from an 8-cell lamb embryo with an enucleated unferti...

• Word Count: 1955
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: High School

"Somatic cell nuclear transfer" refers to the process which the nucleus of a somatic cell of an existing organism is transferred into an oocyte from which the nucleus has been removed" (Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs 1). ... You take an egg and remove its nucleus, which contains the DNA/genes. Then you take the DNA from an adult cell and insert it into the egg, either by fusing the adult cell with the enucleated egg, or by a sophisticated nuclear transfer. You then stimulate the reconstructed egg electrically or chemically and try to make it start to divide and become an embryo. You t...

• Word Count: 1206
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

Cloning Human Beings Can scientists create a genetic duplicate of a human with the exact same DNA as another human? ... Although, twins look alike, they differ in their thoughts, personality, fingerprints, and DNA. ... In cloning "Technicians remove the genetic material from an egg cell and replace it with DNA from a donor, then grow the embryo in a petri dish until it's ready to be implanted, by the same process routinely used in fertilization clinics."" ... This is not the only case; many families are saving the cells of their dead family members in hopes that one day that may be a...

• Word Count: 1211
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

This means that if human cloning proceeds then the primary method that the scientists are most likely to use is somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). For example "the nucleus from the female donor's egg would be removed to create an enucleated egg which would allow the scientists to "fuse together the cloning subjects cell containing the DNA using electricity." ... However probably the most helpful research and development for humans is the breakthrough with human stem cells. Stem cells can be extracted from embryos or the bone marrow, they are cells that have not yet become spe...

• Word Count: 2083
• Approx Pages: 8

The cloning technique is called somatic cell nuclear transfer, the process used to create "Dolly" the sheep. Her DNA was taken from a single cell from her mother's egg, which is fused with a mammary cell. The fused cell soon develops into an embryo. ... The goal is to create an embryo, which contains special kind of undifferentiated cells called embryonic stem cells. They're so named because specialized cells such as heart, liver or brain cells stem from these undifferentiated cells. ...

• Word Count: 1800
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: High School