... any explanation, questions about when it began and who its creator was are ineffectual, let alone otiose. Consequently, when no explanation of existence is necessary, no question concerning existence itself can arise. "Existence is simple, irreducible, and foundational"(Full Context: Metaphysics: par 1). Existence provides the context for ... rejected this "beneficiary criterion" of moral value because, from a purely moral point of view, nobody can say whether an action is good or evil just by looking at who benefits from it. Similarly, Objectivism rejects predation, which is a term deno...

• Word Count: 2526
• Approx Pages: 10

... , employing a more constructivist view on culture. Hence treating all the different strains of post-development as a whole coherent school of thought leads to these criticisms. It is necessary to differentiate between these heterogeneous views. Gibson-Graham, also known as Julie Graham and Katherine Gibson, argue that critics who denounce post-development theory as anti-development are misled. ... as saying that post-development thinkers were "interested not in development alternatives but in alternatives to development." Escobar (2007) further argues that to achieve this, it is necessary...

• Word Count: 3546
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Graduate

... the Great Depression the trust in the economies ability to reliably deliver material goods without government intervention. It can now be seen that corporatism is essential. Importantly, it becomes psychologically necessary, independently of whether government can deliver on its promises, because the general public automatically turn to government as their protector. Roosevelt's New Deal' was a big leap forward towards corporatism. It ... an equilibrium economically. Without one we could not have the other. Molly Ivins states the essence of this argument well "None of this is to say tha...

• Word Count: 2643
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... was essential rather than ownership. Rather than government ownership, Keynes supported private ownership of the means of production. Karl Marx identified private productive property as the real source of evil. He believed that possession of economic resources gave power to the owners who then oppressed the workers, who have only their labour to sell. He believed that ownership of ... . They can be justified because there are valuable activities that require the motive of money making and the environment of private wealth ownership. Keynes argued that some inequality is necessary to prov...

• Word Count: 1185
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... dominated society as responsible for creating a "history of class struggles," (996). Also, Mill's ideas on liberty undercut not only the theories of communism, but also any instruments that would be necessary to implement a communistic government. His views on what exactly liberty is, directly contradict society's increasing tendency to demand conformity, by saying that: "there is also an increasing inclination to stretch ... right of society to protect the citizens against crime. He believes that the government must be careful not to limit actions or items that may only potentially be ...

• Word Count: 1545
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of which are men." (Marx, 483) Even Smith states that people, when subjected to such mundane lines of work, will become stupid and ignorant. Unfortunately, it is something that is a necessary evil in civilized society. (Marx, 483) Smith believes that this can all be justified through the education of the working class. He claims that with this experience of education, their minds ... day, people are being employed to act as the human components of a greater machine. As has been stated, it is without a doubt that the division of labor is beneficial and necessary for society. Still, there...

• Word Count: 1081
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

... devil in the previously mentioned social groupings. Whereas in precapitalist times the gods or spirits in their folk beliefs were not inherently or predominantly evil, now because of the influences brought to bear on them from a commodity based market, their beliefs have changed or at least include ... made devil that is predominantly malevolent. Before no such "devil" of this type existed for them. Taussig theorises the reason for this fetishised evil is caused by the alienation inherent with capitalist economies. Simply put, market dominated societies are oppressive, anti-human relati...

• Word Count: 3233
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... see a capitalist economy. Based upon the cases in the book, I believe that capitalist system is viewed as both a benefit to society, but it also takes on a dual role and plays a necessary evil in that contributes to a partial downfall of some aspects of the society also. The downfall of Capitalism is that creates a greater separation between owners (the haves) and workers (the have ... ...

• Word Count: 1297
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

... self-regulating market. Smith claims that without state interference or government regulation, the market is always tending toward equilibrium. Essentially, while many claim that regulatory practices and government intervention is necessary to some extent, Smith claims that it will only interfere and disrupt balances. Although Smith believes in free markets, he doesn't necessarily need the government to be inactive, but ... natural exchange. However, Polanyi claims otherwise. He theorizes that the markets could not exist without the doing of political powers or the state. He also claims ...

• Word Count: 1585
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... needed to produce a commodity. To understand what value is we must first understand what socially necessary labor and a commodity are, furthermore how they interact to give us a true value of a given commodity. A commodity that by which "a ... materials that will eventually become the final commodity. (Marx, Capital Vol.1) Socially necessary labor can be said to be "the quantity of labor necessary for its production in a given state of society". (Marx, Capital Vol.1) Therefore the socially necessary labor time needed to produce something is dependant and changing given the state of ... ...

• Word Count: 577
• Approx Pages: 2

... meant putting another company out of business. He was well aware of the harsh conditions of the employees, but he felt that it was necessary. Although his goals necessary for means of production, his mind-set was placed back into the charities because with all the profits, he donated more than $300 ... America. Debs was a leading activist for the actual workers who performed backbreaking duties day in and day out, whereas Carnegie felt that it was a necessary step towards a means of production. Debs" leadership as a socialist showed his view on wealth to be one that should be represented...

• Word Count: 683
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... change from an industrial to a post-industrial economy. Finally, the conservation of energy is so that there are a sufficient amount of natural resources necessary to produce goods. General economic growth or stagnation also has an important influence on business within our society. Many factors can affect it's condition, ... contracts. Of major importance to small business owners is the fact that the Small Business Administration assists sole proprietors in obtaining loans and capital necessary in order to create a business. While they can neither guarantee nor provide these funds, the...

• Word Count: 3843
• Approx Pages: 15
• Grade Level: High School

... , or perhaps can admit of. In other cases the state of the society does not place the part of the individuals in such situations, and some attention of government is necessary in order to prevent the almost entire corruption and degeneracy of the great body of people." Adam Smith was not against government being involved with certain aspects of the economy ... to struggle with them. But if there would be a manifest absurdity in turning towards any employment thirty times more of the capital and industry of the country than would be necessary to purchase from foreign countries an equal qu...

• Word Count: 3887
• Approx Pages: 16

... " aligning themselves with the "elites" above the "masses" of other nations, and promoted "universal emancipation." There have been various theories regarding nationalism in the present day, although it seems necessary within the confines of this essay to concentrate on three of the most prominent and interesting analyses. The first of these is the "modernist" theory outlines by Ernest Gellner, who ... view, this produced a "standard culture" which needed a centralized state to sustain it. Marx and the liberals both predicted decline of national feelings over time, however, Gellner consid...

• Word Count: 3295
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Graduate

... go through what is known as delayed gratification meaning we, as humans, tend to suffer and struggle in the environment in order to achieve personal happiness. In society, it is necessary to have ethical structures for two reasons. First, to bind people together and keep them pleasant within the society, and secondly, to achieve a greater degree of happiness in a situation where ... case, therefore technology benefits both classes. Elaborating to my previous paragraph, capitalists want to speed up the production process by introducing technology in order to reduce necessary labor time a...

• Word Count: 3675
• Approx Pages: 15

... go through what is known as delayed gratification meaning we, as humans, tend to suffer and struggle in the environment in order to achieve personal happiness. In society, it is necessary to have ethical structures for two reasons. First, to bind people together and keep them pleasant within the society, and secondly, to achieve a greater degree of happiness in a situation where ... case, therefore technology benefits both classes. Elaborating to my previous paragraph, capitalists want to speed up the production process by introducing technology in order to reduce necessary labor time a...

• Word Count: 3675
• Approx Pages: 15

... from the others however, were three unique social elements: education, "modern" work attitudes, and a "modern" government. Britain had a larger educated workforce in place to run the machines and create the necessary manuals. The Enlightenment had not only meant a larger educated population but also more modern views on work. The population was ready to move out of the country and into the ... city for work and, what they saw as improved living conditions. Britain also had the large middle and flexible mercantile class necessary. English society, unlike many others, was not opposed to "...

• Word Count: 818
• Approx Pages: 3

... away one's political freedom would be also taking away the economic freedom of that person. Without economic freedom there can be no political freedom. History has showed that capitalism is a necessary condition for political freedom and that economic freedom and political freedom can only coexist in capitalism. Friedman points out that only a free market economy can coordinate economic activities of millions ... keep the total expenditures stable; when private expenditures rise, government expenditures should decline. In reality, however, it takes time for the government to decide if any...

• Word Count: 3859
• Approx Pages: 15
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... provided, even according to, what we very falsely imagine, the easy and simple manner in which is commonly accommodated"( Smith 292). "Smith says that the division of labor is the necessary consequence of a natural disposition altogether peculiar to men. He says man is continually in need of the assistance of others and must fall upon some means to get their help ... to allow you to have them for a certain price. You do not address his humanity, but his self love" (Smith 22). Smith also describes the division of labor as being necessary although very slow to exchange one thing for anoth...

• Word Count: 3103
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the consequences of globalization. It asks where globalization came from, who wanted it, who didn't want it, and how the people that did want it got their way. It is necessary to understand that advances in transport and communications technology do not always lead to greater trade or business relocation. The internationalization of economic activity in Europe first took off in ... are currently inefficient but may be learning new skills that will eventually make them more profitable. If such companies are immediately exposed to competition, they may go bust before the necessary learnin...

• Word Count: 7309
• Approx Pages: 29
• Grade Level: Graduate

... but one facet of contemporary capitalism, not capitalism per se. Thus, the crisis has brought home--or should have done--the indispensable role of political (and indeed social) institutions as necessary stable locations within which markets need to operate. We have an analytical deficit occasioned by the failure of economic liberalism to assess the threat to its legitimacy emanating from its ... no shared normative commitment to the virtue of a given policy. International institutions must secure converging policy positions by agreement and willing harmonisation, not by force. There mus...

• Word Count: 9082
• Approx Pages: 36
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... determined by the labor time it took to produce it in that society. What determines value of anything is the amount of labor socially necessary in its production. If product exchange at the amount of labor time socially necessary in their production then it would mean that the worker should be paid the value of their labor, the value of the commodities ... ...

• Word Count: 1191
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

... revert back to their individualistic instincts, and will do whatever they think is right, ending up in a situation that is not better for society in general. The government is also necessary in situations that arise from uncontrollable aspects. Since people in communist societies live on communes, and basically live off themselves, they will be rely heavily on the production of agricultural ... people. Desperate times however, call for desperate measures; therefore people will only look out for themselves when an issue becomes one of life and death. Another reason why government is nece...

• Word Count: 1867
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: High School

... would be unemployment and depression from time to time in the absence of corrective government policies. In his view, government action was essential to stabilize an unstable economy. It was necessary for the government to intervene, to 'fine-tune' the economy by running demand-management polices; these were to counter current trends in the trade cycle - to speed up activity when ... in The General Theory to the issues of what should be produced and how. He was critical of the inequalities in income and wealth but argued that some inequality is necessary to provide incentive to entrepre...

• Word Count: 1299
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... that resides in commodities, as an expression of the labor expended in the production of the commodities. If we use the word "labor" for the more accurate phrase, "abstract, socially necessary, simple labor," this theory suggests that the value in aggregate collections of commodities is proportional to the quantity of labor expended in their production.(1) This proportion is very important to ... of Marx's adoption of the general equivalent theory, then, is that the value of money plays no central role in his analysis of the dynamics of capitalist production. It is a necessary link in t...

• Word Count: 5092
• Approx Pages: 20
• Grade Level: Undergraduate