1. Presocratics
... the result of revelation, but is available to anyone who looks to their perceptions of the world around them. Xenophanes was the first to say that knowledge is acquired through discovery. The idea that knowledge comes from discovery allowed t Xenophanes, Tales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, and Heraclitus to each look to one single element or essence to understand the universe. The importance of "first principles ... was fire; Tales chose water, Anaximenes air, and Anaximander the Unlimited. Each one questioned how his chosen principle could exhibit itself in the natural world that is availa...
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