... almighty and powerful. Therefore why is there evil where did it come from and why is it still here. Which brings me to the discussion of what is the logical reasoning for the atheist not to believe in God. The logical challenge is not to believe in God. The challenge states that it would be almost unrealistic to believe in God ... make decisions rooted towards evil, therefore it may not be within God's power to create a world of free creatures where evil does not exist. And most agree that this line of reasoning does successfully respond to the challenge of the logical problem of evil. ...

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... for believing it (as long as it is in a normal world with nothing out of the ordinary). Armstrong's non-inferential knowledge is like Plato's conceptual knowledge by there being no reasoning or learning behind it. It is already in the mind- it has not been taught. Although Armstrong and Plato have some similarity, their basic theory of knowledge contrast each other ... for "p," and the evidence actually operates in A's mind to support his belief that p, it still does not follow that A knows that p. For although "q" in fact supports "p" conclusively, might not A be reasoning from "q" to ...

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... our disposal on the basis that one path would be more beneficial to us than another however Baruch Spinoza argues that all of these "choices" are illusory. To begin this line of thought, Spinoza claims that because God and nature cannot be divided, nothing is outside of nature. God, he says, has infinite attributes-or ways of being- that he has ... to that of a mathematical equation. Freedom, according to Spinoza, is the acceptance and recognition of this necessity-meaning god or nature- which is the basis for Spinoza's reasoning here. What this mode of reasoning leads us to ask is how ...

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... to social standards, or pursue his or her convinced conscience? Each of these situations surface in the works of two ancient Greek writers. In Plato's Apology and Crito, through critical reasoning, Socrates acknowledges the word of the law. In contrast, Sophocles" play Antigone makes the point that justice should be put ahead of the law, otherwise more problems can surface instead ... , and his wife Eurydice. Which obligations take priority: social or ethical? Sophocles, through Antigone, focuses on moral and ethical decisions. The gods are the more important authority. Moral and ethical...

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... . There are mnay examples in Meditations that Descartes uses to prove this point. The following are the three examples he mentions in Meditations on First Philosophy: 1. Dream:" A brilliant piece of reasoning! As if I were not a man who sleep at night, an regularly has all the same experiences while asleep as madmen do when awake- indeed sometimes even more improbable ones. How ... on. Hume concludes about the senses that they deceive us entirely and that experience can not take us beyond the perception we call into doubt. In conclusion, Hume believes that reasoning about facts is only s...

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... still occasions and situations that he is not considering, like the ones that were mentioned above which include selfless help or connections and interests. How does Plato set the fine line between minding one's own business, and working for a common good, a lack of self? He classifies the latter as the main trait and virtue of his Ideal, Just City: a non-individualist ... can be understood that he is conscious and aware of this error, yet he sees as a necesary evil, a necessary inconsistence for the greater benefit. Although Plato does not specify this reasoning in his writings, he def...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of "pure optimism" in which people live in the "best of all possible worlds where every event is for the best". Many people use this line of thinking to justify why a benevolent God would create a world which contained so much evil. Voltaire's experiences and the examination of the cruel world ... the incredible amount of misfortune that is suffered by every character in the story, Pangloss maintains his optimistic position while trying to defend it with illogical reasoning, that more often than not, is comical. He and Candide become victims of the inquisition and almost die. Everything...

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... of the stronger is the most convincing that Socrates encounters. Socrates does not have a strong defense to this argument. Thrasymachus is a precursor for later political theorists. Machiavelli adopts this line of reasoning by claiming that justice is relative. This argument is also a basis for Marx's concept of class structure. The dialogue then shifts to Glaucon and Adeimanius who claim that justice can ... ...

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... . Cows certainly do not achieve this. Unfertilized eggs do not achieve this either. Premature babies, however do achieve it, according to today's standard. So I ask myself, where is the middle line? Or maybe in fact is that really the issue? Ethical values are based on a guide of living chosen individual. It is inherently not a social thing. The only time it becomes ... all is a rationale that may be considered by clear portion of the population to be both reasonable and ethical. Well as we all know that there are a lot of ethical reasoning for almost any action. I think that most of us ...

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... the weakness of reason especially when applied to something as transcendental as religious matters when he says, "We know not how far we ought to trust our vulgar methods of reasoning in such a subject," (7). Based on his argument we have no good reason to believe in God. This thought reflects Hume's overall conclusion that everything we claim to know has no ... who exists based on the analogy does not represent a Christian God in any aspects. Philo disproves the Christian theory of using reason to understand the qualities of God. Hume's last line in his book sums up the narrators feeli...

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