As I write this paper, electrons are shooting throughout my brain. That's right, thousands of tiny particles, slicing through my head at the speed of light. I sit down to my computer to write this paper knowing that I am staring right down the barrel of an electron gun, my monitor. The monitor fires a constant stream of electrons and diverts them using electromagnets. They then strike the phosphorus at the ... front of my screen, creating the light I see and the radiation that continues to surge ... do nothing but program HTML to make beautiful web pages and graphics or in most cases, just s...

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... tried to doubt them, until two American scientists, Micheleson and Moorly performed an experiment in which they discovered that the speed of light is the same to any moving object traveling at any speed in any direction. This means that if someone measures the speed of light from the sun when traveling away from the sun at one mile per hour, or traveling at 500000 kilometers per ... second, the two measurements would be the same. This has a very unusual consequence. Consider this experiment. A person A is observing a train traveling close to the speed of light. Person B is traveling in ...

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... they are altogether incorrect. There are many things that quantum mechanics can explain that classical mechanics cannot. The first of these is that light acts as both a wave and a light. Quantum mechanics explains that light actually exists as a particle, but the probability of the position of the photon is wavelike. In this way quantum mechanics explains something that classical mechanics never could. Another thing that ... Heisenberg uncertainty principle. This is the belief that exact accurate measurements can not be taken of anything. This is because when you take measurements of what...

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... movement also produced a ray even when it was not moving through any gas. This surprised early investigators because they thought the ray was associated with the gas instead of an entity in and of itself! Tests also showed that the ray was blocked from reaching the Anode (+ charged end) when something was in its path. So they reasoned the ray ... Further experimentation proved that magnetic fields could deflect a cathode ray. The speed of of this ray was found to be much slower than the speed of light. This characteristic was more indicative of a beam of particles as opposed to a beam of...

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... than nuclear energy. For example, if a human touches its antihuman, the amount of energy created when they are annihilated would be equivalent to 1,000 one-megaton nuclear bombs (Rohrig). Antimatter can be created by using particle accelerators. They involve accelerating particles to the speed of light and powerful electric fields. Since antimatter is extremely rare, particle accelerators can create only ... less than a nanogram of antimatter each year. Antimatter can be found on the sun, which is called a solar flare一an explosion on the sun ... 000 one-megaton nuclear bombs (Rohrig)....

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... asymmetrically with a hole-injecting electrode (usually ITO) on one side, and a low work function, electron injecting metal contact (e.g., aluminum, magnesium or calcium) on the other side. The emission of light is then the result of radiative charge carrier recombination in the polymer as electrons from one side and holes from the other recombine. Electroluminescence from conjugated polymers was first reported in 1990.9 Poly ... the concomitant shrinkage in circuit size could increase the speed and dynamic memory of computers by a factor of 108. Such progress would correspond to forty ...

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... kill people or cause fire. Lightning that strikes the earth consists of one or more electrical discharges called strokes. The bright light that we see in a flash of lightning is called a return stroke. Return strokes travel at about the speed of light, which is 186,282 miles per second. They discharge about 100 million bolts of electricity and heat the air in their paths to over 60 ... ,000 F Air heated by return strokes expands quickly, producing a wave of pressure called thunder. Flashes of lightning differ in length. A flash between a cloud and the ground can be ... , streak lightning...

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... and magnetic fields that rise and fall like waves on an ocean. Silently, invisibly and at the speed of light, they travel through space and matter. There are many forms of electromagnetic energy (see diagram). Ordinary light from the sun is one, and the only one you can actually see. X-rays are another. Each kind, moving at a separate wavelength, has a unique effect on any matter ... , even your own body, produce electromagnetism -- microwaves, x-rays, untraviolet rays. It may interest you to know that whereas the human eye is sensitive to light radiation, the eye of the snake can sense ...

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... This is known as tunneling. This effect can be used to detect very faint magnetic fields in computer circuits. MANUFACTURING SUPERCONDUCTORS Commercial Superconductors Right now, the largest commercial applications of superconductors make use of their capability to conduct electrical current without resistance. In order for a superconductor to be practical for commercial applications, it must be sturdy, reliable, and relatively easy to ... Nath Bose and Albert Einstein. The condensate behaves like 1 atom, even though it is made up of thousands. The team used 2 techniques: first laser coo...

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... cool into a single crystalline ingot with the same orientation as the seed. The ingot diameter is determined by combination of temperature and extraction speed. Fig.2 Crystal Pulling 3. Wafer slicing Single crystal silicon ingots are characterized by the orientation of their silicon crystals. Before the ingot is cut into wafers, one or two "flats" are ground into the ... The device is packaged into a ceramic or plasticenclosure before sealing. Fig.5 IC chip ]Application of Semiconductors Semiconductors have many applications. On of these applications is in making microprocessors. Micropro...

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... theory by refining the discovery made by P.A.M. Dirac of an equation describing the motion and spin of electrons that incorporated both the quantum theory and the theory of special relativity (Einstein's, of course). QED rests on the idea that charged particles (electrons and protons) interact by emitting and absorbing photons, the particles of light that transmit electromagnetic forces. These photons are virtual; ... that is, they cannot be seen or detected in any way because their existence violates the conservation of energy and momentum. The particle exchange is merely the "force" o...

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... atom splits, the resulting parts have less total mass than the original atom. The missing mass is converted to energy. The conversion factor is the speed of light squared and is represented by the formula E=mC2. This fission of the nucleus releases a million times more energy per atom than a chemical reaction that involves the atom's electrons. Chain Reaction " Certain isotopes, such as 92U235 ... uranium, and plutonium is no longer found in nature. Radioactive Fission Products " After a large atom fissions, the resulting nuclear fragments form the nuclei of new atoms. These new atoms s...

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