... by teaching captive specimens to escape from simple mazes and to differentiate squares from crosses. Another experiment investigated the Octopus tactile oddity learning. The subjects were presented with a series of combinations of shells. The combinations consisted of two shells of one type and an odd shell of another type. The animals learned the ... combinations only with positive reinforcement (ie. perform a task encouraged by a reward). Learning improved in subsequent combinations, showing the development of a learning pattern. A separate study demonstrated the octopus problem-solvi...

• Word Count: 3680
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... above. Individual steps were not nearly as significant as the overall floor patterns created which had symbolic meanings for the audience. These were based on combinations of geometric shapes such as squares, circles and triangles. Such combinations included two triangles within a circle, which portrayed a monarch's supreme power. Unlike any other production before this point in history, Ballet Comique de la Reine cost ... ...

• Word Count: 1480
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... action to replace an artillery officer who had been wounded in battle. Napoleon commandeered all the cannons and soldiers he needed for the attack. Napoleon ordered his men to bombard the fort of L"Eguillette. Soon it was his. Now he controlled the key position in the harbor, he told his ... everything was ready, he waited. On October 5 the Royalists began swarming down the avenues leading up to the palace. Armed with clubs and muskets. Napoleon ordered his men to fire. The cannons made a loud roar. Grapeshot scattered over the mob, Mowing down hundreds of people. The rest fled in panic. ...

• Word Count: 2927
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: High School

... than a forerunner to the Renaissance era. After reading, Michael Camille's Gothic Art: Glorious Visions, my opinions have changed. I've come to discover, Gothic art is an art of multi-media combinations, in which whole teams of sculptors, and painters, often work together. Gothic art definitely portrays what was happening during this time period. It is an era of religious passion. The ... ...

• Word Count: 1980
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... U.S. had begun surveillance of the North Vietnamese coast, and was supporting South Vietnam's commando missions, destroying bridges, railroads, and coastal installations, throughout North Vietnam (Encarta "Vietnam War-). After Lyndon B. Johnson ordered the bombing of the Ho Chi Minh trail, the Viet Cong began recruiting and organizing and army to face a full-scale U.S. military intervention (Encarta "Vietnam War-). Just like in Korea ... waters, and was consequently fired on by Viet Cong gunboats (Encarta "Vietnam War-). This confrontation was the excuse to go to war the U.S. was waitin...

• Word Count: 2816
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... commander, General Erich von Falkenhayn, was unhappy with this and decided that his troops should keep the parts in Belgium and France that they had gained at all costs. He ordered the Germans to build trenches to provide protection from the advancing French and British troops. The British and French troops found it impossible to break through, and to protect themselves ... defenses. Men would be posted as lookouts or sentries, often in saps dug a little way ahead of the main fire trench. At dawn and dusk, the whole British line was ordered to 'Stand To!' - which meant a period of manni...

• Word Count: 1588
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... success or failure of this invasion. (Dank 7) Pathfinders were the first troops to be dropped, and preceded about an hour before the main body of troops were dropped. They were ordered to mark the drop zones with direction-finder radios, lights, and Eureka sets. Large amounts of clouds caused the airplanes to either climb or fly below them, German fire also ... the designated landing area, in the less defended Victor sector. General Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., quickly realized the error. Uttering his famous remark, "We'll start the war from here!" he ordered the division to advance. By 12 ...

• Word Count: 1320
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

... metro from Bir-Hakeim to La Motte Picquet Grenelle. From here, we took another metro to Madeleine, where our hotel was located. We went back to the hotel room and ordered a bottle of French wine in our room. After watching some TV, we went to bed. The next day, we took a Continental Airlines flight at 2.25pm from Charles de Gaulle Airport ... was only a few minutes walking distance from the opera, the burgtheater and many museums and the elegant pedestrian area "kaerntner strasse". We lazed around in the hotel room for a while, ordered room service and then took a taxi to a nearby disco...

• Word Count: 2516
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: High School

... U.S. had begun surveillance of the North Vietnamese coast, and was supporting South Vietnam's commando missions, destroying bridges, railroads, and coastal installations, throughout North Vietnam (Encarta "Vietnam War-). After Lyndon B. Johnson ordered the bombing of the Ho Chi Minh trail, the Viet Cong began recruiting and organizing and army to face a full-scale U.S. military intervention (Encarta "Vietnam War-). Just like in Korea ... waters, and was consequently fired on by Viet Cong gunboats (Encarta "Vietnam War-). This confrontation was the excuse to go to war the U.S. was waitin...

• Word Count: 2744
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... that would compromise the freedom of Serbia that they fought for. Therefore, Austria-Hungary bombed Serbia's capital, Belgrade, Serbia turn to their alliance with Russia for help. Tsar Nicholas II ordered the Russian army to mobilise. Kaiser Wilhelm heard that the Russian army was mobilising so he sent an ultimatum to Russia ordering them to stop. Russia has to refuse the ... ultimatum and mobilises its army. The French government heard about this and immediately ordered their army to mobilise. The German's were forced to mobilise their army because of Austria-Hungary joining in the con...

• Word Count: 1711
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: High School

... Germany. As the Germans retreated, the German commander, General Erich von Falkenhayn decided that his troops must hold onto those parts of France and Belgium that Germany still occupied. Falkenhayn ordered his men to dig trenches that would provide them with protection from the advancing French and British troops. The Allies soon realized that they could not break through this line ... ...

• Word Count: 920
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

... resistance and few fixed defenses encountered on the new beach. Brigadier General Theodore Roosevelt Jr., who accompanied the first water, altered the original plan to utilize this opportunity. The General ordered landing crafts carrying equipment and supplies to capitalize on the first wave's success. Within hours, the beachhead was secured and the 4th Division started inland. Within 12 days, 600,000 ... ...

• Word Count: 1521
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... in the spring of 1945. The Allies were now able to turn their attention to the Pacific. In August 1945 while the U.S. were preparing to invade Japan U.S. President Harry S. Truman ordered the dropping of the Atomic bomb on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. On August 14, 1945 Japan surrendered. Thus bringing an end to World War II....

• Word Count: 1983
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... Henry's. Henry had served with John in Wales during his teenage years. Though numerous statues were passed against the Lollards their rebellion continued to cause trouble until 1417, when Henry ordered the execution of Oldcastle (Columbia) . Though the movie chose to omit this event it shows again what a strong leader Henry was, he chose to put Oldcastle to death in 1417 ... ...

• Word Count: 2049
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: High School

... Prussian boarders. Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke, Prussia's chief of the general staff, prompted the king to mobilize its forces before "Prussia becomes over-run." (4) In May or 1866, William ordered troops to be moved to the Austrian-Prussian boarders. William did not like the idea of fighting Austria because he thought of it as a "brother's war." (5) With both sides moving ... ...

• Word Count: 4829
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... to war against France when Behanzin declared a treaty made earlier by his father Gli-Gli null and void. This treaty was over France's use of a Dahomey port called Cotonou. Behanzin ordered the French out of Dahomey and later began to drive them out. Dahomeyan warriors won the first battles of this war. After a few defeats France sent sharpshooters from their colony ... ...

• Word Count: 581
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: High School

... war, was that a "patrol would never saunter across a field, shoulder to shoulder, as the Tom Hanks-led unit does in Saving Private Ryan. They would skirt it, silently Men were ordered never to "bunch up," because that could draw immediate enemy fire. And soldiers did not casually flick cigarette butts. They would "field strip" them, unraveling the leftovers, balling up the ... ...

• Word Count: 870
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... doesn't have to deal with the costs of nonconformity. She does not want to endure the pain of rejection and isolation from societies "elite." Mrs. Tiffany realizes that society is ordered hierarchically by money and fashion and not by the equality of men and women. Other females in the play that fit into the "elite" are Millinette, the maid, and Serephina ... ...

• Word Count: 2560
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... blind people could not distinguish them from the 50 cent coin. These coins minted in France had to be redesigned with ridges to make them more distinctive. These changes were ordered after organizations representing Europe's blind people complained that the original 10 and 50-cent coins did not have raised ridges along the edges. These ridges are the only way some ... ...

• Word Count: 1620
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... believed what they heard because it gave them a reason to hate the Austrian-born queen. One of the most well known scandals was the diamond necklace affair. A diamond necklace was ordered by the queen or so the jeweler thought. When he sent the bill to the palace, Marie Antoinette claimed that she had nothing to do with it. Eventually the jeweler ... ...

• Word Count: 1977
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: High School

... at a very early age. As a child Benjamin was fond of reading. Friends of Benjamin's father often said that he would make a great scholar. However, his father was a realistic tradesman, and ordered Benjamin at the age of twelve to become an apprentice of his brother, who was a bookseller for more than ten years. He worked under the business of his brother with ... ...

• Word Count: 1788
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... , and tea. The colonists responded to this with boycott. The colonists agreed to not import any British goods, especially the more expensive goods. In response to the protests, the Parliament ordered the British troops to restore order in the colonies in 1768. As a result, many brawls occurred between the British soldiers and the colonists. On March 5, 1770, the townspeople tried to ... ...

• Word Count: 1366
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

... class declared themselves the National Assembly. Louis immediately rejected these deputies from the meeting. He eventually decided that it would be best if the three estates met together. He therefore ordered the other two estates to join the Third Estate in the National Assembly. Although they successfully met together, there was division amongst them. Some wanted to protect their rights, while ... ...

• Word Count: 1149
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

... the National Assembly. Louis XVI quickly rejected these deputies from the meeting hall. After a while, Louis XVI decided that it would be best if the three estates met together. He ordered the other two estates to join the Third Estate in the National Assembly. Although now the three estates met together, there were divisions among them. Some wanted to protect their ... ...

• Word Count: 2218
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: High School

... his mind again. His weakness and inconclusiveness hampered the effort for reforms, the smae way as it happened in the past. The main mistake made by him was when he ordered the meeting place to be locked.On 20th June 1789 the members found themselves without a conference room. The instructions given by the King may be regarded as one of the ... ...

• Word Count: 828
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School