... to offset the debilitating effects of the Middle Passage. Officers, usually boatswains, mates, and surgeons, were armed with whips such as the cat-o'-nine-tails and forced the African captives to dance. The crew's power was enforced through such torture devices as thumbscrews and iron collars. There were several tubs in each compartment below deck in which slaves could relieve ... past, historians have argued that Africans were a low-cost labor alternative to scarce Indian labor (scarce, because most Indian populations were destroyed by disease) or expensive European labor. African skin...

• Word Count: 5818
• Approx Pages: 23
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... returns to images of Africa's wildlife, in a reminder that the ibises (long-billed wading birds) and other beasts ruled this land long before African or European civilization existed. The poet also describes a centuries-old hunting custom of natives walking in a line through the long grass and beating ... that Walcott will abandon neither Africa nor Britain. Historical Context Most of the area of contemporary Kenya was made a suzerain by the Imperial British East African Company in 1888. The British government then took over administration in 1895, calling the area a "protectorate." Whit...

• Word Count: 4862
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... stable, highly productive workforce" (Newman 12). Farm owners across the nation adopted similar workforces, and although not all of their workers were African-American slaves, these owners began employing the closest thing to slaves with "low-paid seasonal agricultural workers from China, the Philippines, and Japan ... during this time period were from countries such as Ireland and these workers often were treated just as bad, if not worse, than African-American slaves. The Irish migrant workers that did manage to be free workers rather than indentured slaves were pigeonholed into workin...

• Word Count: 5001
• Approx Pages: 20
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Located in the North African Maghreb region, where ninety percent of the country is covered by desert, the Kingdom of Libya can be found. Because of the great percentage ... of the heads of state of the United States, Britain, France, West Germany and Saudi Arabia, planning the capture of the Grand mosque in Mecca, calling on African Americans in the United States Army to revolt, killing a score of Libyan dissidents abroad and trying to buy an atomic bomb from China." (CNN) Showing just ... blamed him for numerous terrorist attacks in Europe, and in April nineteen eighty six United States wa...

• Word Count: 2734
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... opens each chapter with Blues lyrics, each song lamenting some wretched aspect of Native American life and relating to foregoing chapter. Blues music originated from African Americans, used as a way of oral history chronicling their horrendous treatment at the hands of white men as they endured slavery and their subsequent mistreatment ... the abolishment of slavery with poor economic and social status and opportunities. By adopting Blues music, Alexie is also acknowledging the shared history of African Americans and Native Americans at the hands of white men. Grassian further argues that...

• Word Count: 2551
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... in this way from artificially created pidgins are called creoles. Notable among creoles is the language of Haiti, Haitian Creole, built up from the French of the settlers and the African language of the former slaves; it shows lexical and grammatical features of both sources. Creoles differ from pidgins in that, as first languages, they are subject to the natural processes ... exist on maps and blueprints and in the conventions of representational art (e.g., the golden halos around the heads of saints in religious paintings). Other symbol systems are musical notation and dance notation, w...

• Word Count: 8535
• Approx Pages: 34
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of explanation for his behaviour in order to fill the gaps of how and why certain events occurred, we can see that Heckerling uses cinematic flashback collage scenes. Popular teenage dance music is evident at the Valley party, however the music when she comes down the stairs to meet Christian on their first date is quite different. This is the music ... 't drive". Speaking of such issues so frankly would have shocked audiences of Austen's time. Austen deals with racism by having the character of Cher's best friend, Dione, played by an African-American actress. The fact that Dione is inte...

• Word Count: 3852
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate