... ;take affirmative action" to ensure that hiring and employment practices were free of racial bias [Hud99]. Two more executive orders in 1965 and 1968 prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, national origin, and gender, giving the federal government the power to enforce this prohibition [Hud99]. However, in current times, affirmative action programs have suffered major setbacks. Affirmative action in ... , policies, and programs designed to reduce or eliminate inequality [Hud99]. Affirmative action is a major issue because it grants access to institutions and jobs based o...

• Word Count: 1760
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Crenshaw illustrates three fundamental concepts of intersectionailty. Structural, political, and representational intersectionailty are the three concepts she thought were critical to understand. Structural intersectionality is approach that women of color at the expense of race could differentiate their experience of domestic rape and remedial reform from that of white women. Sadly, a large number of immigrant women are being beaten ... are in many ways are ignorant of there constitutional rights based on this silence they are being forced upon. Another large issue within structural int...

• Word Count: 570
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and promoted based on their abilities. (pp. 1 - 3) Mentoring and access to informal work groups are crucial to career advancement. However, establishing these relationships continues to prove daunting for people of color and women. For example, John Fernandez, author of "Race, Gender & Rhetoric" (McGraw Hill, 1998), found that 72% of blacks in 1978 and 78% in 1995 reported they were excluded from ... informal work groups and unable to find sponsors and mentors. In diversity, recent study of women of color in the workplace, Catalyst (1999), a nonprofit research and women's advocacy organ...

• Word Count: 1066
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate