... Avenue Subway, and Chicago's Lake Shore Drive. Many water drainage and treatment facilities were also constructed under the WPA's programs, eventually leading to advances in technology in both these fields nad the improved quality of America's water. Other programs included the Rural Electrification and farm programs that brought electricity to more of Ameria's countryside as well as helped reconstruct damage to ... ...

• Word Count: 1845
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... human being[s] with [their] own desires and needs" (Christian, Black Feminist Criticism 16). Within the novels, Toni Morrison presents the complex stories of African American experience, and especially African American women's experience and their search for identity in the American mainstream society. In Toni Morrison novel ... the African American decent try to provide the most sacred and strongest protection for their daughters and try to teach their daughters to love themselves for who they truly are in order to survive in the patriarchal society: "African-American mothers try to pr...

• Word Count: 5084
• Approx Pages: 20
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and the languages spoken in public places - issues that go to the heart of Americas identity as a caring, diverse and inclusive society - has increased the incidence of hate crimes against Hispanics, Asian- Pacific Americans, and others who are stereotyped, often inaccurately, as newcomers to this country. 2 Also, the persistence of religious, ethnic, and ... some 4,000 calls in its first week. Five hundred were evaluated as sufficiently serious to require further investigation. Even in an agency often called upon to investigate hate crimes - the Federal Bureau of Investigation - there ...

• Word Count: 1718
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... on the personalization of each character. Prejudice becomes threatening when it reaches its most extreme form, known as bigotry. Acting on ones hatred can lead to a behavior known as "hate crime". This behavior is displayed in the scene were a Muslim man inside a firearm store attempted to purchase a gun. The owner is a Caucasian male that presents a negative attitude towards the ... group's actions should not be applied to stereotype the whole race. Additionally, a stereotype, in one of the major themes of Crash, dominates all the sub-stories that are somehow connected to each other. M...

• Word Count: 868
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... techniques of characterization, theme development, and dialogue and introduces the Maya character to bring out aspects of her story from the perspective of a child. Fiction stories tap into emotions and have deep impact on people; the stories create empathy for their characters and readers identify with their struggles and frustrations. The book is powerful and captivating, with richly realized and complex characters ... is assaulted in her tender age by all those common forces of nature at the same time that she is caught in the tripartite crossfire of masculine prejudice, white illogi...

• Word Count: 649
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... races are diffident or reticent, meaning that they are not willing to report to the police as often as others. For example, in the article "Racial Disparities in Hate Crime Reporting", Heather Zaykowski, assistant professor of sociology at the University of Massachusetts-Boston explains that "research indicates that minorities, particularly Black Americans, hold more negative attitudes ... toward the police compared to Whites" (par 9). It is important that people of all races report instances of hate crimes because it gives the police a caveat and the ken to realize which geographical ar...

• Word Count: 1223
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... come a long way due to the law and the education of it's citizens but does not teach the reason why such hate and violence has been in its pass. This book shows that not only does religion repress the innate hate the man has, but can also conjure and cause violent and greedy behavior. Orlando Patterson does an incredible job of explaining ... is obvious that these ideas may not totally be accepted in the African American male culture today. There are so many more knowledgeable insights included in this book that I would love to get into. I still have not really understood all of the cla...

• Word Count: 736
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , he feels this statement to be accurate, however untrue. West then goes on to say, "No other people have been taught systematically to hate themselves . . ."(664). This is a very radical and extreme statement in which he uses without any supporting examples to prove the very questionable term that ... they are "taught" to hate themselves. It is indeed upheld through his writing, that some groups hated blacks during this time, and logically that would unfortunately leave many feeling the ... of hatred and poor self-image, but by no means would this obligate them to being "taught systema...

• Word Count: 1557
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... before the onset of slavery. The first wave of slaves to the country recalled and continued the griot tradition of storytelling for entertainment and informative purposes. Through the telling of stories, folklore and fiction these slaves illustrated for other slaves an array of experiences including, pre-slavery Africa, the "middle passage" (period of time that the slaves traveled in horrible ... social history, the relationship between individual and the community, tradition and change, social structure and social conflict are captured in the relationship between the horizontal and ve...

• Word Count: 2002
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... ending of segregated life, Dr. King hopes non-minorities will begin to glimpse the emotional experience of escaping the horrors and pains of segregation and envision "the radiant stars of love and brotherhood" that in some not too distant future will "shine over our great nation with all their scintillating beauty" (**728). Finally, King's use of repetitive language punctuates his appeal ... proves him more than just a scholar but a spiritual leader as well. King's basis for his campaign of nonviolence originated in the highest type of love - love for people who hate you. King preached ...

• Word Count: 1317
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... they used to, no one is getting harmed" (Ruffin). However, that is statistically inaccurate. According to the National Coalition of Antiviolence Programs, "this year (2009) 22 victims of hate murder were reported by NCAVP, the second-highest rate in a decade, reflecting a pattern of severe and persistent violence against LGBTQ communities. Notably, NCAVP saw the highest spike in reported incidents ... of violence in October 2009, coinciding with the passage of the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act" (www.apv.org/ncapv.htm). In addition to this violence, in 20...

• Word Count: 1532
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... their interaction with white's, other than in employer/ employee or merchant/ customer relationships. As a result, Bigger and his race are conditioned from the day they are born to fear and hate white people with an outward respect and reserve that only intensifies the anger felt for the wrongs of the past and the shabbiness of their situation in the present day ... media images that as a black man he is at least an unimportant element of society and at most a violent criminal waiting to erupt. It is this internalization of both the hate and irrelevance felt towards him that causes Bigg...

• Word Count: 1086
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... "," in order to describe how horrible racism is to the white community and how they could never truly understand the pain and strife African Americans go through. He describes the hate racist white people bring on themselves in the following sentence as well, " see tears welling up in her eyes when she is told that Funtown is closed to colored children ... little mental sky, and see her beginning to distort her personality by developing an unconscious bitterness toward white people." This quotation shows how racism is a viscous cycle. Hate demonstrated by the white community cause hate s...

• Word Count: 500
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... many accolades like a Nobel peace prize and 1963 TIME magazine's Man of the Year. Malcolm X, would be a constant critique of Dr. King's ideas, although he did not advocate violence or hate, his arguments against King reflected what he thought African Americans needed to do to break segregation. Malcolm argued against King's non-violent resistant approach even stating that, Dr. King was ... only a black one. In conclusion, both Martin and Malcolm represented two different and conflicting sides of their people in those times. Martin would appeal to those who believed in the love of god an...

• Word Count: 1170
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... in personal slave accounts. The content of these sermons was often consistent with themes from the Old Testament concentrating on deliverance, such as Moses and Joshua, which were the same stories that the white slaveholders wanted to shield from the minds of their slaves. Ironically, the same story the white Christians connected with in motivating themselves for separation from England was ... motivated the slaves by imbuing a sense that they were a unique people who were favored by God. The slaves, to prove to them that freedom was a promise of God, used the stories of Exodus, the Pro...

• Word Count: 1954
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Robinson, a local black man falsely accused of raping a white woman. In the three years surrounding the trial, Scout and her older brother, Jem, witness the unjust consequences of prejudice and hate while at the same time witnessing the values of courage and integrity through their father's example. Lee's first and only novel, To Kill a Mockingbird was published during the Civil Rights ... , too, can be a "lady." To Kill a Mockingbird explores themes of heroism and the idea of role models as well. Lee has stated that the novel was essentially a long love letter to her father, whom she id...

• Word Count: 2287
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... ;nigger teachers", unpardonable offenders in the social ethics of the south". She implied that southern whites' desire to keep black people down actually trumped their love for their own race and makes them hate northern whites who try to help blacks. She created a monstrous and barbaric caricature of the white southerner, and positioned that evil within their violent and irrational ... ...

• Word Count: 1541
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... three others were injured, the violent targeting of Freedoms Schools, and the bombing and burning of thirty black homes and thirty-seven black churches. FBI involvement in the investigation of hate crimes committed in the Deep South, along with several convictions of high ranking Klan officials and members has caused it to largely die out in most areas, but still today ... in the twenty first century, neither the Klan nor its ignorant, racist, hate filled beliefs have not yet completely disappeared. The supremacy of any race cannot exist or last long. The ridiculous idea didn't work wit...

• Word Count: 1170
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of many talented African Americans during the 20th century before the Harlem Renaissance. Best known for his book Cane, which included poetry, sketches, short stories and a play, Toomer was established as one of the leading American writers during the 1920's. Most of Toomer's work included discussion of tragedy, ... works that discussed psychological and philosophical issues he saw in Americans. Toomer's last book published after his death is a collection on essays, poems, stories and a novelette in The Wayward and the Seeking in 1980. Another one of the few women who are remembered for...

• Word Count: 2200
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to White America, was happy and content with her subservience and domesticivity. Mammy was thought of as a wide-grinned, loyal servant who worked faithfully for her white family with unconditional love and commitment. This stereotypic image of mammy became the hallmark for the Aunt Jemima campaign starting in 1889. Aunt Jemima-"mammy--has metamorphosized and transcended the racist barriers confining her ... more than 100 years. After purchasing the Peal Milling Company, Rutt and Underwood found difficulties in choosing an original product that would attract a wide variety of consumers. ...

• Word Count: 4325
• Approx Pages: 17
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Black Folk. The attraction of the author's interpretation of Penelope and Odysseus, along with the intellect of irony is the primary interpretation of this essay. The readers of these two stories must appreciate the epics of both. Within the poem The Odyssey, Odysseus is construed as the hero that eventually returns to his wife, Penelope. After conquering Poseidon, Odysseus is plans ... political statement that is addressed to the United States as the power of motive is restated so make a start on social triumph. This essay analyzes the context between the two stories The Penelopiad and...

• Word Count: 709
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The Comet and Aye and Gomorrah are two science fiction short stories that discuss racism and sexuality in post-apocalypses, respectively. In The Comet, W.E.B. Du Bois describes the relationship between a black man, Jim, and a ... examine how racism or a skewed understanding of sexual freedom leads to segregations. Additionally, both Du Bois and Delany make use of apocalyptic language and set stories in post-apocalyptic situations; however, their apocalyptic language is presented differently and used for different purposes. In The Comet, Du Bois expends a lot of thought ... of imagery/plot and...

• Word Count: 2007
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... writer who won an impressive following with his little-press premiere (The Business of Fancydancing, Hanging Loose Press), enjoys and celebrates the interplay between mythology and history, between "dreams" and "stories" and "visions" and "reality." Unlike many Native American authors, Alexie is as apt to evoke British rocker John Lennon or African American novelist Toni Morrison in his visions as he ... , to show how this life should be lived." But they may lack the power it will take to save the storytellers from yesterday's exploitation, today's recession or tomorrow's bottle. The sto...

• Word Count: 413
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... they want to retrace their roots or if they recognize that those very roots are not their own but they are their older relatives. Either choice is acceptable; however, the stories covered in this article tend to lean on the side of double-consciousness. Identity Identity is described by the Norton Anthology of African American Literature as "set of behavioral ... go on an emotional journey of discovering her own past by learning of her family's past. She wanted to know her family's history and she eventually uncovered it simply through stories that her family, especially her grandparent...

• Word Count: 3543
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... -hop for empowerment of black youths through racial authenticity, and positive racial socialization are observed. Therapeutic and educational implications with these components are assessed and considered. Hip-Hop is the love child of the Civil Rights Movement, an innovative, provocative and candid voice reminiscent of " power to the people. " It is a nuanced soul of black folks, undoubtedly an essence ... numerous forms of black music, i.e. blues, jazz, gospel, rhythm & blues and soul, each of these genres having origins in the black struggle. One of the most critical aspects of these s...

• Word Count: 1971
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate