... , lasted no more than two days, and were great exhibitions of "splendor" and "grandeur" (Cuyler 1985:33-39). The differences with later sumo were numerous. There was no ring and a win often constituted "dragging the opponent to one's own waiting area" (38). There were no time limits, either, so "[i]f a match became too long and drawn out with no ... the 21st century. V: Notes By "old" I mean medieval Japan, or to be more precise, "pre-Tokugawa," as will become clear below. Ivy makes a similar point in her study of popular traditions of Japan's Tono region (1995:21). Under "social," I inc...

• Word Count: 6746
• Approx Pages: 27
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... still has a disproportionate number of executions. For example, between 1924 and 1972 the United States witnessed 455 executions in the United States for rape and 99 occurred in Texas alone (Marquart 39). Texas accounted for 22 percent of rape-related executions in the United States but only consisted of 7.3 percent of the nation's total population (Texas 4). Therefore, Texas executes a proportionately higher percentage ... penalty in 1976 Houston has carried out 64 executions compared to Dallas' 23, nearly a threefold difference (Halperin Texas 1). The crime rates in the two metropolita...

• Word Count: 4933
• Approx Pages: 20
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... shows non-Christian Jews in very negative ways. Harnack (1851-1930) says, while Luke accepted the divine rejection of the Jewish people, his own religious sentiments, a deep reverence for Torah, and his sense of fairness and absence of bias against the Jews, caused him to include favourable notes about them in his narrative. Haenchen and Conzelmann saw ambivalence as a primary feature of Luke-Acts ... on as a passionate believer in and messenger for Christ, it remains important for Luke to present Paul as a conservative Jewish Christian who venerates the Mosaic Torah, and many of the pr...

• Word Count: 2976
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... justice issues. As mentioned above, I was used to working with students of younger age than these students at HYPE and I arrived at the space with some baggage of ideas and things that I utilized when working with those younger students, after soon realizing that many of those techniques ... of the most daunting tasks for this project was to find a topic or idea to focus on while completing our studies. As an aspiring educator, I would say my main claim and idea in a way found me, instead of me going out to find it. After taking careful field notes ... Tony's guidance, exceeded what they...

• Word Count: 2982
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... an infantile state of its development as a nation. There was much work that needed to be done domestically in the United States before the founders turned their attention to matters across the sea. John Quincy Adams echoed the isolationist sentiment put forth by George Washington when he stated that the United States would "not go abroad in search of monsters to destroy " and that ... the country would be "the champion and vindicator only of her own " (Kaufman 6). We first see this stance illustrated during the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1792. ... President Washington understoo...

• Word Count: 5653
• Approx Pages: 23
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, made some critical comments about the forces sustainability and the overall progress of the program. From her report the following points raise significant alarm about the capability of the Afghan forces: • The current price tag is in the billions of dollars and far beyond the capability of the local government to pay for. Funding for these forces has been ... goes on those costs will escalate. The government budget at its current state does not have the capacity to fund the operating and maintenance costs forecast. Looking at five sectors...

• Word Count: 3850
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... such a widespread or intensified scale. In some cases they were adopted by themselves; in others they were used as means to bolster the circulation of the new inconvertible notes. Controversy over debtors" relief proposals raged in states throughout the Union. Minimum appraisal laws were enacted in four western states-Indiana, Missouri, Ohio, and Tennessee -while stay laws were enacted in ... Economy in 1823). It was written very much under the impact of the monetary and tariff controversies of the depression, in which Raymond was embroiled. John McVickar, the nation's first academic ec...

• Word Count: 3048
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... his results first, but Leibniz published first. Newton claimed Leibniz stole ideas from his unpublished notes, which Newton had shared with a few members of the Royal Society. This controversy divided English-speaking mathematicians from continental mathematicians for many years, to the detriment of English mathematics. A careful examination of the papers of Leibniz and Newton shows that they arrived at their results independently, with Leibniz ... Quadratura Curvarum but also previously circulated among mathematicians starting with Newton giving a copy to Isaac Barrow in 1669 and Ba...

• Word Count: 6149
• Approx Pages: 25
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... New Lanark was under several major ownerships from 1785 to 1968: David Dale, from 1785 to 1800; Robert Owen, from 1800 to 1825; John Walker and sons, from 1825 to 1881; Birkmyres and 'the Gourock', from 1881 to 1968. Since then much effort had been put in both from public and private forces to make it possible to be ... not efficient workers. A significant change was to change the day shift from 11.5 hours to 10 hours without sacrificing the yield of the factory, perhaps it was achieved by systematizing the working environment. A significant device, "silent alarm" (Donnachie & Hewitt 64...

• Word Count: 3403
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... daughters know very little about one another side from the stereotypic roles they play in the family. Not surprisingly then most movies and television programs also push the father-daughter relationship off to the side or ignore it altogether. If the father is included in any discussion, he is often portrayed as indifferent, self-centered, distant, insensitive, uncommunicative, and stressed ... of age groups and then compared and contrasted the data in order to gain a broader perspective. STUDY 2: Raymond Montemayor and John Brownlee In this study by Montemayor and Brownlee, the parental...

• Word Count: 3134
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 1787 he worked with John Jay and James Madison to write series of 85 essays in support of the Constitution. Known as "The Federalist Papers," these remarkable essays proved critical in achieving ratification of the constitution in the nation. The essays were published under the pen name Publius. Hamilton himself wrote more than two-thirds of them. In the first of the essays, Hamilton set the stage for those that ... , as many in the South believed true, the chances of slavery lasting were minimal. Although the political and economic factors supported the war, many historians maintain the...

• Word Count: 3046
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a sister company [Ford from Mercury (Ford), Chevrolet from Buick (GM), and Plymouth from Dodge (Mopar/ Chrysler)]. However, not everyone perceived this increase in automotive buying power as a positive. John Keats, in his book The Insolent Chariots (1958), attacked the automobile industry stating that their products were "overblown, overpriced monstrosities built by oafs to sell to mental defectives." However, Keats was definitely in ... too can find a box of your own in one of the fresh-air slums we're building around the edges of American cities, inhabited by people whose age, income, n...

• Word Count: 7127
• Approx Pages: 29
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Ever since Lincoln's emancipation proclamation, African-Americans had been Republican. The GOP was the party of Lincoln, the party that had given them the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments. The Republican Party supported blacks, whereas the Democrat Party was the party of the South, and the Southern, White plantation owner. To the black community, the Republican Party represented "the high-minded, idealistic, God-fearing people," whereas Democrats "dabbled ... a force to gain political attention for themselves on a national level, because the majority of blacks still could not vote (Weiss 1...

• Word Count: 3336
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Newgrange and Loughcrew (Dronfield, 1995a, 268). There is also evidence to suggest that some tombs were associated with more than one consciousness - altering technique, the use of hallucinogenic substances is possible (Dronfield, 1995a, 271). Dronfield believed that three major stimuli are evidenced, these being flickering light, hallucinogenic fungi and ... artwork set in prominent positions around the landscape displays a premature intelligence and sophistication of the Neolithic people. BIBLIOGRAPHY Coffey, G. 1897b Notes on the Prehistoric cemetery of Loughcrew with a fasciculus of ...

• Word Count: 3596
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... secular or religious law forbidding women to speak persuasive extended speeches to a semi-public or public audience including men, it was certainly not the custom and would have been considered disorderly conduct in a woman; people would wonder why her husband or father responsible for her would encourage ... as well as women to be silent in certain situations, so that order can be established "and he finishes the topic with a balanced phrase of speech and silence in v.39-40 ""Therefore, my brothers, be eager to prophesy, and do not forbid speaking in tongues. But everything ... should...

• Word Count: 2588
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... sonata movement unusually follows the model form of a Sonata, which is something very rare in a composition by Mozart. The Exposition begins in bars 32-55 and introduces the first subject in the key of D major. One of the most important parts of this subject is the vigorous cadences in bars 38 and 39. The second half of this subject imitates the first except for the addition of woodwinds ... that solidifies some of the harmonies and makes further cadences even more ... returning to D major for the recapitulation that begins in bar 193. The recapitulation seems normal with the second sub...

• Word Count: 2641
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... your Excellency whether it is you opinion that these natives understand the articles of the treaty which they are now called upon to sign?" Colenso asks Hobson, identifying his concern that the Maori are uninformed. Hobson seems indifferent neither concerned nor sympathetic towards the issue replying, "If the native chiefs do not know the contents of this treaty it is no fault of mine" ... ;. Colenso goes on to say "the natives are quite children in their ideas I have spoken to some chiefs ... uncovered evidence that could support or counter act this view, however in the rest of the...

• Word Count: 4461
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... himself from his predecessors ended in failure. Alexander adopted an aggressive political stance and ignored the difficult process of consolidating his conquered territories, which in turn meant that the empire lacked a clear political direction. For all his military exploits, Alexander was a poor administrator. As modern historian John Grainger notes, "Alexander failed to actually pacify most of his empire " and reiterates that "Alexander should be ... considered a poor administrator since he barely administered the empire " (Grainger, 2009). Alexander failed to give proper thought to ...

• Word Count: 3952
• Approx Pages: 16
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and great poetry. This text seems to re-establish the opposition between the indigenous fables and Alien Science. Science was despite its success amongst the elite, an Alien Science in many respects. The success of science originally had bred lethargy and complacency making people indifferent to the methods of Science. It still faced the power of superstition and error. An earlier attempt of ... normalising superstition, by mocking traditions, was short lived, superstitions and indifference returned as a menace. There was a lack of free inquiry and people were still troubled by the ackn...

• Word Count: 6787
• Approx Pages: 27
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... basis they compared themselves with one another, while being indifferent to the natural cost of this economic "progress". During the same period people were losing basic benefits enjoyed by their ancestors, such as the sun, the air, water, soil and nature. It is true the above vision had become somewhat faded since systems scientists openly raised the problem of the limits of development, and their concern was done ... front of the destruction caused to the planetary environment by the predatory plundering of its resources for the sake of ruthless development, the reaction of public opi...

• Word Count: 5235
• Approx Pages: 21
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a structure of society, rather than focusing on physiognomy. One of the earliest examples of race placing no emphasis on physical appearance came from John Foxe. In Acts and Monuments (1570), Foxe began to weave together and create the first notion of race in England and Western Europe by writing ... , and governed by opinion; and a descendant of Afer niger was said to be crafty, lazy, careless, black, and governed by the arbitrary will of the master (Hannaford 204). These 5 distinctions between races seemingly came out of nowhere. Just 155 years earlier, race was being viewed as ... th...

• Word Count: 2593
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... as a military leader was important to the development of the Ottoman Empire. Although leadership was a crucial factor, the influence of religion also contributed to the growth of the Ottoman Empire by acting as a justification for warfare. With reference to Islamic quotes like Qur'an:8:39 "So, fight them till all opposition ends and the only religion is Islam.", we can infer ... assistance in provincial administration. Timar-holders, like other askeri, were exempted from taxation. The values of timers varied, and the military obligation attached to the timar varied with its income: the ...

• Word Count: 4027
• Approx Pages: 16
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... sensory contact and this alone constitutes what is knowable. Since we cannot possess sensory perception of state or system of states, these things cannot scientifically or knowingly exist. The second is the more radical critique of postmodernism. This critique says that it is impossible to know anything; there are no universally applicable truths. To some postmodernists constructivism would be epistemological ... as an institution of or deep structure of the system. The three structures that Wendt argues are possible for anarchy are friend, rival, and enemy. That is to say that anarchy ca...

• Word Count: 8200
• Approx Pages: 33
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... assemblage of apparently interminable problems has been with us in our cities – these are those `wicked problems'. In this paper we seek to describe and analyse the approach to the `problems of the city' as pursued by New Labour with particular reference to three policy areas of unemployment, crime and safety and urban policy. It is, however, important to point ... awaited Urban White Paper was finally published (DETR, 2000c). To be somewhat brutal the White Paper contained very little which was new, all the themes outlined above were reiterated. In the foreword to Urban White Paper t...

• Word Count: 9857
• Approx Pages: 39
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... would become a reality. In order to completely understand Stalins seemingly fanatic desire for increased security, one must understand the degree of destruction the Soviet Union endured at the hands of the German forces and their allies during the Second World War. During their invasion of the USSR, the Nazis had completely or partially destroyed 15 large cities, 1,710 towns and 70,000 villages, burning and demolishing 6,000 ... Molotov refused. Byrnes was desperate to reach some sort of agreement, and began to consider simply conceding to the Soviets their sphere of influence. He was r...

• Word Count: 5160
• Approx Pages: 21
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate