Introduction John Lott holds a PhD in Economics and teaches criminal deterrence, law and economics at the University of Chicago. Lott is a well-respected author, having published over seventy articles in academic journals. ... he develops a theory that more guns will in fact decrease crime rates. He supports his hypothesis further, by presenting data that shows programs such as gun buybacks, waiting periods and background checks for purchasers have resulted in no measurable improvements in crime reduction. Lott's data suggests these are not only expensive and time consuming ideas, but comple...

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... of the institutionalised delinquents they tested fell into the mesomorphic category. This compared with 19 percent of a control group, although methodological concerns have been raised over the socio-economic background of the control group; who were private school educated, a factor which may have affected their average physique. Further studies into this field however, have offered conflicting results. ... not identified by Eysenck. Eysenk's methodology can also be questioned. Passingham (1972) noticed differences between the control and test groups used such as socio-economic class an...

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This paper will discuss the different classes of probation programs within juvenile post-adjudication intervention. In addition, this paper will include some background information on probation, how successful it has been with particular types of offenders, socio-economic-political issues and my assessment of the programs and overall opinion. Juvenile probation is the ... and protective attitude toward children, whether to offer assistance with problems or a form of parental punishment. I think that this explanation derived from when John Augustus first established this system. Thus meaning...

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... to see what's important about being moral and just a good human being as they grow older. Another theory in the psychological method is the attachment idea. This was conducted by John Bowlby and he discussed features of growth through emotion, learning, organization, and biological function to help see why crime is occurring. The development of crime through psychological behavior is commonly ... up in a poor run down, gang filled community will contribute to the decisions made by that individual but if brought back to family history it sure will show a similar criminal background if th...

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... the Criminal Code of Canada, in the year 1996, Gladue was recognized in section 718.2 so that when sentencing an aboriginal offender, the judge must consider: 1. the unique systemic or background factors which may have played a part in bringing the particular aboriginal offender before the courts and 2.the types of sentencing procedures and sanctions which may be appropriate in the circumstances ... not necessarily seen for who they are and consequently they're not respected, they're not engaged as fellow human beings and as a result the care they get suffers," said John G. Abbott, CEO ...

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... means to be either a boy or a girl. There are the gender specific color associations of blue for male and pink for female. There are gender distinct male names such as John, Paul and Tim while female names include Mary, Lisa and Elizabeth. As the child grows, even play toys have their gender differentiated purposes such as cars, balls and tools for ... not always had success. The literature has identified characteristics that appear to be common among female inmates. These characteristics include age, educational level, employment status, criminal history, marital status, family backgro...

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... FBI Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS), part of which debuted in July 1999, was developed to offer rapid suspect identification to American law enforcement agencies and organizations where criminal background histories are a critical factor in consideration for employment. Compared with longstanding paper-based methods, the system represents a quantum leap in communications, computing and data storage and retrieval technologies. "Because of ... to develop and maintain a secure intranet to access and share criminal intelligence and information in real time. "T...

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... as long as they knew the difference between right and wrong. By the end of the nineteenth century, reformers created the juvenile court as possible means for rehabilitation. According to John Winterdyk, a Canadian author, nothing major was happening within the justice system until 1899. In 1899, Illinois stepped up and created the first statewide juvenile court. This court was created to ... are more likely to be charged (Frontline 13). Equally, they are more likely to receive longer sentences when an African-American commits the same crime along with having a similar criminal backgroun...

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... . Not performing these actions allows soldiers that have family members at their present duty station the opportunity to sign for and occupy government housing. The housing authority needs to implement background and past rental history checks on all soldiers and their families prior to residing in quarters. Safety for all residents is the main concern. Domestic violence is a common occurrence in ... this destructive phase of our community. To improve the standard of living, the first stage would be for the housing office in conjunction with the Provost Marshal to begin conducting backgr...

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... establish the philosophy that crime is learned. In doing so, he lays the foundation of his theory. For example, if a young kid named John is sitting in school, and watches his classmates stealing money from the teacher's purse, he has now learned criminality. He has also learned that ... more importantly he is learning it within a small intimate group. Sutherland also adds that a small intimate group allows group reinforcement to occur. When John is in his small group, they will urge him to commit crime or try to lessen the reality of the crime making him more likely ... definitions ar...

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... -government agencies in trying to resolve the problem. Many traditional researches were conducted in trying to explain the phenomenon suggesting different causes for its existence, which included poverty, poor family background, lack of protection, and bad associations, etc. In the new age of technology advancement, the acquisition of knowledge through different media and the Internet has become much easier and ... gangs through a framework of "push" and "pull" factors (Decker and Van Winkle,1996). Push factors include poverty, poor academic performance – school dropouts, unemployment,...

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... provide an illustration of the process at a grass-roots level. The particular case at hand is that of Mrs Mel Mulligan and Mr Dixie Dilligan [Please refer to Appendix 1 for background details on both offenders]. The case was found in a "Petty sessions- court. The pair were jointly charged with theft of 2x24 packs of lager from a supermarket under the Theft ... reports after an interview with the offender. The pre sentence report is a vital part of the sentencing process as it provides the magistrate with the relevant information on the offenders background, the general circumstances of...

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... -collar crime, the weak correlation between social class and crime, or the epidemics of violence in wealthy countries (Sampson 711). He also moves on to write that background variables such as race, family background, and class do little to predict the potential for an individual to commit a crime. Although Sampson believes that crime is indeed based in the social as opposed to ... biological contexts, he asserts that social processes on the community level are to blame, not individual background traits (Sampson 713-14). Another argument for the social side of the issue cites that the on...

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Racial profiling is a form of discrimination by which law enforcement uses a person's race or cultural background as the primary reason to suspect that the individual has broken the law. Many believe that racial profiling became a problem in the 1980's; however the problem dates back to at ... . Opinions of this issue are frequently spoken, but the main question persists. Should race be used as a factor of protection, or is it an absurd action of racism/discrimination? Historical Background of Racial Profiling It is difficult to trace the history of racial profiling but the principle of targe...

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... , Sutherland's study was conclusive of the social bond * peer delinquency * definitions * delinquency. To come to the conclusion that one's social background does not give a clear and concise definition that one is to be delinquent. We must look at each person's background and upbringing. Sutherland conflicts with Hirschi's theory that definitions favorable to law violation are caused primarily by weak social bonds. (Criminology ... ...

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... chance of avoiding conviction, whereas a suspect with little money and a state appointed attorney will be more likely to be convicted of a crime and sentenced to death regardless of his ethnic background. This has nothing to do with racial inequality. Every American citizen has the right to attorney in court and is guaranteed legal representation regardless of financial status. However, individuals who ... in the courtroom is more likely to escape conviction than a suspect who shows up in dirty clothes and has outbursts in court. While anti-capital punishment organizations say that raci...

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... compared to Dallas' 23, nearly a threefold difference (Halperin Texas 1). The crime rates in the two metropolitan cities are nearly identical but the difference resides in the Harris County District Attorney, John B. Holmes. He has been the Harris County D.A. since 1979 and thus has played a role in all 64 death penalty cases under his jurisdiction. His aggressive style and handlebar mustache are ... 28, 2002 for a crime he committed at the age of 17. He was convicted of killing the father of a federal judge during a carjacking in 1994. Beazley was remorseful about shooting John Luttig,...

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... children who imitated their father's behavior and also treated their slaves in a similar criminal manner. Another example is the DC snipers serial killing attacks in 2002. The father, John Mohammed, and his son John Lee Malvo, went on a killing spree that lasted three week during October 2002. The son learned the father's criminal ways by imitation of what the father was doing ... ...

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... a child is not guided in a positive direction, he will follow anyone in any direction. An example of this is the unfortunate circumstances involving 17-year-old John Lee Malvo and his stepfather 41-year-old stepfather John Allen Muhammad. Because of Muhammad's twisted nature and lack of respect for human life, he guided Malvo's anger and taught him how to kill. Juveniles ... ...

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... this issue because ethical claims can be logically argued both for and against trying juveniles as adults. Utilitarianism is a moral theory that was developed by British philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. These philosophers proposed judging the morality of an issue according to whether or not it increased the general happiness. Mill wrote that actions are "right in proportion as ... made it easier to prosecute minors ad adults, and to sentence them as adults as well. The wisdom of this trend, however, is currently being debated. The ultra-conservative criminologist John D...

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... . Even though currently the death penalty is being used, some advocates are pressing for more; they want more decisive action, believing that executing criminals quicker will make for a better deterrent. John MacAdams of Marquette University says that "if we fail to execute murderers, and doing so would in fact have deterred other murders, we have allowed the killing of a bunch of ... innocent victims" (John McAdams). Typically when there is a heated controversy, one side will use the Bible as a weapon on their side, but the Bible can be read as supporting capital punishment, or it ... ...

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... facts are what are needed when deciding the fate of another human being. The study "Capital Punishment and Deterrence: Examining the Effect of Executions on Murder in Texas," by authors, John Soronson, Robert Winkle, Victoria Brewer and James Marquart and the study "Deterrence, Brutalization and the Death Penalty: Another Examination of Oklahoma's Return to Capital punishment," by author William Bailey were ... an accurate account of the effect of deterrence, stating that the fear of death will prevent a criminal from acting out? We must also look at the studies performed by authors, Jo...

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... that not all lives are valuable. The death penalty displays violence by implying that state-sanctioned murder is a fair and just solution to crime (Brasfield 2). In April 2001, Attorney General John Ashcroft announced that the federal government would set up closed circuit viewing in Oklahoma City for the attacks survivors and families of the dead, which would make it the most ... their relatives take comfort in seeing society punish their attacker. "Family members who make informed decision to view an execution and who are given support find it a satisfying experience", says John Stein...

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... the magistrate created several Sabbath laws, which regarded Sunday as the Lord's Day. In Massachusetts the Sabbath laws were enforced frequently. In the town of Salem in 1668, John Smith and Mrs. John Kitchin were fined "for frequent absenting themselves from the public worship of God on the Lord's day." Magistrate also created strict laws against Quakers and persecuted them cruelly. On ... ...

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... - disagreed. This group founded the National Citizens' Crime Prevention Campaign featuring McGruff the Crime Dog, our nation's symbol for crime prevention. In 1977, FBI Director Clarence Kelley and his assistant, John Coleman, went to The Advertising Council with a proposal for a crime prevention public service advertising campaign. The Ad Council tabled the plan, but it sparked the interest of Leo Perlis, Director ... created as a nonprofit organization to manage the McGruff Campaign and coordinate activities of the Crime Prevention Coalition. Mr. Loeb served as Chairman of the Board u...

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