... locked into detention facilities with no access to a lawyer or other advocate. On June 8, 1964, a 15-year-old boy named Gerald Gault and a friend made a series of crank phone calls to a neighbor woman in Gila County, Arizona, asking "Are your cherries ripe today?'' and "Do you have big bombers?'' Perhaps lacking more serious crimes to investigate, the county sheriff ... hauled young Gerald to jail and charged him as a juvenile delinquent without allowing the boy to make a phone call or even informing the boy's parents. A week later, Gerald went before the judge, who heard no evidence be...

• Word Count: 8199
• Approx Pages: 33
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... has 246 sexual offenders within 3 kilometres from you, and you didn't know who any of them are, or even know remotely the magnitude of the number in the area. Should information like this be released to the public for society's safety? Should information about young offenders, specifically on their offence be released ... right to know of one's offence if its serious enough. Would you want to live next to a convicted rapist? In the recent case of Holly Jones in Toronto, this information was absent to Holly and her family, as well as to all the other citizens in that area. In my mind that...

• Word Count: 1815
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 85 of the Criminal Code regarding firearm offences has failed and been inconsistently applied to sentencing crimes, as people will find loopholes to get around being sentenced the mandatory minimum. Jones also found that "over-reliance on prison will make Canada, like it has the United States less safe rather than more because when offenders are sent to prison they ... what he did, but he did what he thought was best for his daughter to not to have to constantly suffer anymore. Every case is different and according to Craig Jones, mandatory sentences have two implications: "shift discre...

• Word Count: 2147
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... computer network commits computer crime (Schmalleger, 1999, p. 486). Bloombecker (1986) suggested he history of computer crime and hacking started in the late 1950's when AT&T first implemented its interstate phone system and direct distance dialing (DDD)(p. 450). Manipulation of the way that the DDD system worked, in order to make free long distance calling, was the objective of this crime ... used in their early switching devices enabling them to fool the system into thinking that the customer has paid. A person who used any number of devices available for manipulating switch systems ...

• Word Count: 3406
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... organisations that offered a more integrated approach to surveillance. Haggerty (2009) suggested using CCTV in combination with situational crime prevention measures such as listening devices, email and phone activity databases, and car records to contribute to the effectiveness of this crime prevention strategy. Nevertheless, the role of surveillance technology in public safety management is still not ... arrived at the conclusion that the effectiveness of surveillance systems in combating violence and disorder is highly limited. Although the implementation of CCTV technology is associa...

• Word Count: 1968
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... personnel. The results indicated that no differences between schools with or without metal detectors existed in terms of threats of physical fights; school uniforms did reduce the number of reported inappropriate social behaviors in Long Beach; resulted in higher ratings of school climate on 7 of ten dimensions; created a more businesslike school environment, students and teachers rated students in uniform as better behaved ... more reports of crime. With the passage of other acts, such as the Violent and Repeat Juvenile Offender Accountability and Rehabilitation Act of 1999, schools ma...

• Word Count: 1612
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... subscribers reveals the extent of the growing sophistication of "Cybercriminals." AOL subscribers were sent a link to a Web page, where they were asked to enter their name, address, home phone number, and credit card number. This information, which was requested in the name of helping AOL fix its busy-signal problem, was being used by a cyber thief trying to commit credit card fraud." (http ... as time has evolved, hackers are considered a menace and are defined as, "a person who illegally gains access to and sometimes tampers with information in a computer system." (Merriam Webster's D...

• Word Count: 1481
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... protest from Australia". £ SBS NEWS REVIEWS 2003These comments mark a significant change in Australia's attitude to the capital punishment. Over recent years, a number of opinion polls have been carried out to determine the public's attitude to capital punishment. A phone-in poll conducted in January 1986 by a Sydney TV station shortly after a particularly gruesome sex-murder received over 48 000 calls. On this ... and the like the rate of non-negligent homicide has been rising at a rate slower than other major felonies. Indeed, trends in Australia from 1965 to 1985 demonstrate an increa...

• Word Count: 2841
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... for Ice Age fossils), Disneyland (Anaheim), and the Santa Anita and Hollywood racetracks. Los Angeles County is the nation's largest manufacturing center, and the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach are second only to New York as the largest customs district in the United States. Los Angeles is by far larger than most cities, with a population of 3,598,252. The ... . The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) is the primary organization responsible for law enforcement in Los Angeles. It is made up of approximately 8,000 employees. Police Officers comprise the largest number of sworn office...

• Word Count: 910
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... that the public will react to in a panicky manner with much exaggeration. In the 80's when the AIDS epidemic was terrorising everyone, the Royal College of Nursing predicted that the number of infections in the UK would rise to one million by 1991 if current trends continued. This prediction coincided with an increased newspaper interest in AIDS that continued throughout the ... and challenged members of the gang to sue. The case changed Britain, thankfully, due to the constant reporting and the media highlighting the need for justice. Another example is the phone hacking scandal. Furth...

• Word Count: 1547
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a victim of his abuse, both physically and mentally. Jeff had an affair outside of marriage and often hurled demeaning texts at Krista over the phone and threatened to divorce her (Wallace, 2013). 'He's been on the phone a lot, texting a lot when Mom isn't around', Hall told detectives (Wallace, 2013). Hall was aware of the unfair treatment his mother was receiving and ... ...

• Word Count: 2185
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... accomplices, the man made multiple case deposits into the housekeeper's bank account over the last two years totaling $100,000. She also paid hundreds of dollars each month in phone charges to five different companies but insisted that she only had one phone. She also claimed she did not know anything about the deposits except that they were made by her fianc...

• Word Count: 840
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... arrest those guilty. As a result, the power to search people and property after a minimal threshold of suspicions has been cited as necessary part of law enforcement protocol. Activities, such as phone tapping, were considered "dangerous and unwarranted practice[s]" by the legal authorities of the alcohol prohibition era. (www.ottawacitizen.com) There was even a time when undercover police officers selling drugs to ... respected the constitution is a compelling reason to legalize drugs. Our legal system was certainly not conceived with today's drug laws in mind. Considering the widespre...

• Word Count: 2317
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a disproportionate amount of crime concentrated in small areas. The studies also suggested that people in these areas were more likely to be victims of certain crimes, The Islington crime survey (Jones et al 1986) found that householders were 33% more likely to have been burgled than the statistical average reported in the BCS. The smaller studies also showed wide variations between ... ...

• Word Count: 1355
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a variety of criminal activities, including narcotics dealing and smuggling, robberies, burglaries, shootings, homicides, assaults, and auto theft. Some are located in South Dade, while others have emerged in North Miami Beach and Miami Gardens and still others are in Doral and Sweetwater. These numbers, compiled by the Miami Dade County Police Department's Street Gang Unit provide a glimpse of the problems faced ... ...

• Word Count: 1494
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... pleaded guilty. This left Strickland the defense attorney little options to prepare for court. He spoke with Washington about his background and spoke with the defendant's wife and mother via phone gathering as much useful information he could. Attorney Strickland did not seek out character witnesses or request a psychiatric examination feeling the respondent suffered from no psychological issues. He also excluded ... ...

• Word Count: 482
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... appropriate for those convicted of non-violent crimes is the home detention penalty. This punishment involves the offender to wear an anklet or wristlet, which can be attached to the phone when the supervising officer rings. Home detention is a very effective punishment since the offender is partially supervised and able people with family responsibilities to stay home. This particular punishment also ... ...

• Word Count: 1440
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... laws because it will become a violation of the Constitution. Although, the federal government has formulated and enacted gun control laws, the high number of firearms in the hands of lawbreakers and unstable individuals has fuelled gun violence. Also, it has increased death toll of innocent civilians who ... because the move will not guarantee national security, warrant a reduction in crime rate, will violate the 2nd Amendment, and will increase number of illegal arms in the hands of criminals. The American Constitution clearly envisions that the federal government has the ethical and la...

• Word Count: 2270
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... originally in criminal court. " [Off11] This means that there is certain criterion that the case meets which excludes it from being held in the juvenile system. "An increasing number [of states] exclude by statute certain serious or violent crimes from juvenile court jurisdiction, providing the offender meets a minimum age requirement. This effectively mandates the transfer of juveniles who ... juveniles produces more ill effects than retaining them in the juvenile system. "There has certainly been an oft-voiced consensus that transfer policies uniformly produce negative outcomes. Based ...

• Word Count: 3373
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... juveniles in public facilities were in custody because of more serious delinquency offenses. The 1991 Children in Custody Census found 57,542 juveniles in public facilities. This was the largest number since the census began in 1974, with an overall rate of 221 juveniles in custody per 100,000 juveniles in America (Moone, 1993, p. 1). Essentially, these statistics represent a growing ... offenses, however, it is rarely done. In 1999, for instance, only eight of every 1,000 formally handled delinquency cases were waived to criminal court (Puzzanchera, 2003, p. 1). Since 1994, the number...

• Word Count: 2216
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... conclusions or making any definitive statements is not currently possible, the best that experts can do is make broad generalizations and educated guesses. Current literature on the subject comes to a number of fairly educated (and a few non-educated) conclusions that help to explain serial murder. Only a relatively few studies have been done that include in-depth first hand interviews with ... studies have often looked at childhood and home environment to establish a corollary to their current behavior. Ressler, Burgess, Douglas, (1988) in a study of serial murderers for the FBI, found ...

• Word Count: 5564
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... differential involvement in crime and about 20 percent by subsequent racially discriminatory processes."12 Twenty percent is definitely significant and does deserve action, but it is not as high of a number as some might speculate, and therefore might dictate a more moderate solution. This will be discussed further later. Second, "the crime and delinquency rates of incarceration, and rates of ... or even plausible, then jury nullification need only help one city, one neighborhood, or even one person, and have no visible negative effects, to merit implementation. Harvard Law Review propo...

• Word Count: 3584
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... at Southern Methodist University in Texas and chairman of Amnesty International U.S.A., in his article "Death Penalty News "Texas- describes the obstinate frontier mentality that translates into today's disproportionate number of executions in Texas: Executions simply replaced lynchings as the accepted way to sate the popular (white) need to "dehumanize" or "exclude" certain groups from normal society. If ... known to throw champagne parties on the night of scheduled executions (Counterpunch 2). His ability to successfully try capital cases is a major reason for Harris', and consequentl...

• Word Count: 4933
• Approx Pages: 20
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and alcohol abuse and addiction--or share some combination of these characteristics. Among these 1.4 million inmates are parents of 2.4 million children, many of them minors 0.C [f]rom 1980 to 1996, the number of people in prison has tripled due overwhelmingly to criminal activity spawned by drug and alcohol abuse. If this rate of increase continues, then one in every 20 Americans born ... . This study found high rates of criminality among users during periods of active drug use and much lower rates during periods of non-drug use (Ball et al. 1983). A large number of people who abuse dru...

• Word Count: 2815
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , and violation of civil rights (Lersch and Feagin). The tendency of emphasizing California and New York's police brutality cases, and ignoring the less populated states, characterizes a substantial number of news organizations and crime research groups. Police misconduct is affecting other parts of the nations outside the most populous sections of the country, and differences between regions may have ... with the state. For this reason, crime geographers and other social scientists need to follow attentively these events: Although police killings of civilians are relatively rare given th...

• Word Count: 5510
• Approx Pages: 22
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate