... gave Nazis an opportunity to promote Nationalism as a remedy for any future betrayal by a large number of unpatriotic Germans disgracing those truly patriotic Germans. This popular political belief permeated throughout Nazi propaganda. Milton Mayer, an American social scientist, interviewed a group of ex-Nazis on their feelings toward parliamentary democracy. Mayer ... was used in Nazi propaganda many times to tap into those who felt "stabbed in the back" by the old, self-serving government. A popular societal belief in Germany was that Jews were especially responsible for Germany's loss...

• Word Count: 937
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... was nevertheless permanently associated with the national disgrace and the economic burdens of the treaty. The failure of the Weimar Republic can be blamed on Constitutional Flaws, Lack of Broad Popular Support, and the French Invasion of the Ruhr. The Weimar Constitution was in many respects a highly enlightened document. It guaranteed civil liberties and provided for direct election, by universal ... system made it relatively easy for small parties to gain seats in the Reichstag. Ministers were technically responsible to the Reichstag, but the president appointed and removed the chance...

• Word Count: 722
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... humanitarian and the nation's best problem solver tarnished almost beyond redemption by his failure to reverse the depression. (Himmelberg, 11) Herbert Hoover was elected in 1928 by a large popular majority over his Democratic opponent, Al Smith, the first Catholic presidential candidate. Hoover had hoped to preside over a continuation of Republican prosperity. Unlike his Republican predecessors of the ... , increasingly lent their attention to the messages of figures that Roosevelt and other established political leaders regarded as unprincipled and dangerous demagogues. The most impress...

• Word Count: 5420
• Approx Pages: 22
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... part of that fateful decade, America would see a transition unlike any it had yet experienced in its history "and in the face of a most terrible war, would succeed in protecting not only its own safety, but the entire world's. Our nation entered the decade in troubled times. The economy, ... in the United States were reluctant to get involved in the new war. After the horrors experienced in the First World War, isolationism had become popular, as no one wanted to repeat the same disastrous circumstances that claimed millions of lives. Ironically, this policy is one of the reasons Adolf ....

• Word Count: 1320
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the back by civilians". It was an irrational excuse, given the military's domination, but it became a popular myth. The defeat in World War 1 was therefore a traumatic shock to most Germans, especially to the German soldiers, and almost no one in western Europe understood it then. This resulted ... , a severe economical burden of compensations, and severe limitations on the German military's size and equipment, which were supposed to reduce its threat. Most Germans perceived it as a great national humiliation. Hitler, finally recovered from his injury, and still officially a soldier, joi...

• Word Count: 2709
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... in countries where democracy had been abolished. In fact in Nazi Germany, Hitler's rise to be power had been based on an exploitation at a popular wish to regain international respect. Public opinion supported his belligerent approach. The second option of heavily armed isolation, was indeed a favoured option by ... didn't just have one set of borders to defend. In fact it was the fact of Empire that shaped much of Britain's considerations - most notably in 1931 with regards to Manchuria. This of course leads to a discussion of the third option - collective security in the nature of .....

• Word Count: 2060
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Buckingham, Open University Press, 2001 More flexible military alternatives were not considered as the nature of any engagement between 2 such massive armies supported by the industrial might of the world's most technologically advanced nations was not truly appreciated. Generals revelled in the offensive power such technology gave them, whilst ignoring the defensive potential of any opponent using the same equipment and ... sufferance for the masses proved a double-edged sword. Earlier British governmental attempts to shy clear of the Naval arms race with Germany were complete failures...

• Word Count: 2138
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... natural adversaries. Differing religions, location and ideologies have created a natural separation. In the legacy of these two kingdoms, the promises of nationalism gained popular support, particularly from those under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Promising a better state free of corruption and therefore a better standard of ... living. It was adopted in Serbia, Bulgaria and most notably in Macedonia where the IMRO struggled (unsuccessfully) to recover the area from Turkish rule or at least enforce the reforms it desperately ... with the reorganizing process meant that these border...

• Word Count: 1973
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... World War I, as well as the consumer ideology that began to dominate American culture. As a result of a devastating and bloody world war, popular sentiment in America returned to a foreign policy of isolationism. Americans didn't want to get caught up in any more European affairs and thus resisted ... were immediately passed. In 1917, a literary test was enacted for all immigrants that wanted to enter the US. This would work since most immigrants were poor and could not afford English lessons ("How and Why Did the USA Achieve Prosperity in the 1920s?"). In ... in 1923, "The place of the...

• Word Count: 2233
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... building a railway from Berlin via Constantinople to Baghdad. Another issue is the arms race in which was the building up of large forces. Most European countries adopted some form of compulsory military service, though this was not always popular. In France, for instance, there was plagued by bitter disputes. Russia's peasant conscripts were loath to leave their villages. Successive British ... governments refused to risk votes by introducing national service, despite pressure from men like Kipling. Military service was probably accepted most readily in Germany where the army enjoyed en...

• Word Count: 1894
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Introduction A national identity defined by Ian McAllister (1) is "the feeling of being associated with a national group, defined by common heritage which may be based on many attributes, the most common being race, territory, language and history. So what is the Australian national identity? Who can decide what it is? Who is truly Australian? And is there a single Australian identity? ... is and have not found a single one yet. Section 1: Traditional identity Historians such as Richard White (2) argue that Australian national identity has been constructed over the past 200 years from popula...

• Word Count: 1535
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... spent considerable resources in the building up of huge armies. Not only did this mean that by the July crisis most countries could afford to contemplate war because they were in a position to do so, but also it contributed to the popular tide of warlike enthusiasm that was felt throughout Europe. Militarism was something which was also evident in the run up ... ...

• Word Count: 2024
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... extreme polarization in the short term. During the inflationary period at this time, the government even refrained from a highly necessary increase in taxation. It was afraid to lose still more popular support. ( p75) Another intresting artcle that Niall make is the Weimar government once experiencing inflation decided not curtail the deprecation of the mark is that would strengthen the assets of ... higher debt and this discrepatncy between actual value and discount prices without significant raises in interest rates price led to an escalation in un-payable government debt. The Reichsb...

• Word Count: 1145
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... is easily noticed in Band Of Brothers' as the main characters truly portray brotherhood. But this type of brotherhood and brotherly bonding is also seen in many of Spielberg's films, most recently produced being Saving Private Ryan. Saving Private Ryan was produced in 1998 and is based on the story that a soldier by the name of Private Ryan who has to ... receive the full connotation by using standard shots and unrealistic settings thus having a small impact on the audience. Historian Stephen Ambrose has praised the miniseries Band Of Brothers as "the most accurate depiction that Hollyw...

• Word Count: 1821
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... were concerned with leisure. In 1925, Mussolini set up the Opera Nazionale Dopo Lavoro, which comprised a huge network of clubs and recreational facilities for adults. Film and sport were the most popular forms of mass entertainment, and the fascist regime exploited their potential as instruments of social control. The emphasis that was put on sport and recreation typified the Fascist obsession with ... ...

• Word Count: 2562
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... set up a unified executive branch and ended the war with Japan. The post-1905 monarchy was a completely different monarchy; it was now subject to a constitution. However, the tsar still retained most autocratic control. By not meeting more of the demands of the people of Russia, the tsar left the door open for the next revolution. The revolution of 1917 was quite ... similar to the revolution of 1905. It began with strikes and protests from workers and peasants. The anger was over social and economic conditions and the most anger felt toward the government centered on World War I. The w...

• Word Count: 1024
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... not a local war was the complex alliance system that was drawn all over Europe. Historians view on what caused the war has been ever changing. Directly after the war the popular belief was that Germany had forced the war on the allies, warranting the tough conditions of the treaty of Versailles. During the 1930s a more sympathetic outlook was taken by historians ... War. Another major cause of the First World War was the rivalry over colonies and the search for economic dominance. [Professor Gerhard Rempel, Industrial revolution lecture]. Throughout the ninetieth century most of the cou...

• Word Count: 2969
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of the Fischer-based analysis. This widely accepted current view gives greater weight than previously to the problems within the German elite among the reasons for war. ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR topics in modern European history, both amongst Advanced Level students, and those continuing with history at college or university, is the origins of the First World War. However, two serious ... issues involved or of the books which cover the topic. This last point becomes very important in light of the assertion made by Herwig in a book published in 1992 that "most of the works on the July cris...

• Word Count: 360
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... overall consensus to further their political goals. After World War I, Germany slumped into a devastating economic depression, which allowed anti-Semitism to reach its most vicious point. In western Europe, Jews had made progress and were often well-established members of society. However, the Dreyfus Affair revealed that the ... his book Der Judenstat that advocated the need for a Jewish homeland outside of Europe. Many Europeans took the title of an anti-Semite and took a popular stance of defending the public against the Jews. Politically, Jews became scapegoats for all of society's ...

• Word Count: 638
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... marketing, distribution and production. The apparently limitless change fostered a mentality of expendability: people could be replaced, raw material replenished, nature rearranged and even homelands exchanged. In 1850, most people were still farmers and much of industry produced tools and materials for farming. Large factories were few; handcrafts still flourised. Electricity was too expensive to make that it ... making were the result of trial and error, not architechtural and engineering knowledge. This situation changed radically in two spurts. The first spurt, between 1850 and 1870,...

• Word Count: 1504
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a good example in the case of Great Britain. Relying on its economic superiority in manufacturing, trade, and international finance as well as on its acknowledged rule of the seas throughout most of the 19th century, Great Britain could afford to take it easy in the search for new colonies, while focussing on the unitement of the empire in hand and on ... nations of Europe there came the expansion of armies and navies. Such as the impending Naval Race where Germany competed against Great Britain in the construction of the greatest and most modern navy. Moreover, the great powers began c...

• Word Count: 1485
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... "Mussolini is always right-. However, the problem for Mussolini was that he began to believe his own propaganda and became convinced that he was infallible "here lies one of the most intelligent animals ever to appear on the surface of the earth-. Der Fuhrer, too, was shown to be a man of special purity, of wonderful courage and readiness for sacrifice. The ... and in Germany in 1934. One element shared by all fascist movements, racialist or not, is the apparent lack of consistent political principle behind the ideology political opportunism in the most basic sense. One virtually unique...

• Word Count: 1866
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... known and have been studied carefully, it is still hard to decide what should be considered the exact beginning of the Cold War and what were the most significant reasons for its emerging? The most popular view on the origins of the Cold War would be considered to lay in the policies of the World War II, others would say that the mistrust ... "home affairs" could give a birth to a major mistrust and even hostility between the two states. Nevertheless, some would argue that the policies of the World War II have played the most significant role in shaping the US - USSR relationship. If we...

• Word Count: 1778
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... amateurs and to train them in receiving code", as reported in Navy to Broadcast News for Benefit of Amateurs, from the December, 1919 Popular Science Monthly. The early 1920s was the beginning of the radio craze. Several Universities, churches, newspapers and businesses all became broadcasters, with ... around the radio was being controlled by two major radio networks, NBC and CBS. By this time, half of America had radios and most people accepted and applauded the idea of national broadcasting. Radio announcers were becoming personalities, adored by millions, and politicians actively en...

• Word Count: 972
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the better ideas within the Treaty of Versailles were inadequately implemented. Overall, the Treaty of Versailles ended up being one of the most ineffective treaties ever written. If the countries involved in the making of the Treaty of Versailles aimed more towards improving the global situation ... which listed many key points of what he believed the country's path should be. Most of his points were ignored, such as when he noted that political parties "may now and then answer popular ends, they are likely in the course of time and things, to become potent ... engines, by which cunnin...

• Word Count: 1475
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate