... the years surrounding the Reformation. As such, the ground was fertile for a backlash. The poor moral example started at the very top. For example, Pope Alexander VI (1431-1503) was known for throwing orgies in the Vatican. Alexander VI is most well known for fathering a child by his illegitimate daughter, Lucrezia Borgia and actually appointed his illegitimate son (Cesare Borgia) to the College ... 16th century. Sixtus IV (r. 1471-1484), for example, appointed 6 nephews and grandnephews to the College of Cardinals and appointed an 8-year-old boy as Archbishop of Lisbon. Leo X (the pope ...

• Word Count: 2755
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... bulk of the German population did not share his vision of a Germany dominated by the Prussian emperor and himself, and that the people might have loyalties to leaders (like the pope or the Habsburgs) other than the state or Biz himself. Incredibly, the National Liberals supported these illiberal measures! Biz's plan to cripple the Centre Party was an abject failure. Even ... resigned on March 18, 1890, after a tense meeting in which he insulted Wilhelm by deliberately allowing him to read a letter-critical of Wilhelm-that had been written by Russian Czar Alexander III, and given to Biz:...

• Word Count: 10254
• Approx Pages: 41
• Grade Level: Undergraduate