... transferred to criminal court compared to the rest of the general population (Hsia and Hamparin, 1997). An Ohio study revealed that during the four stages of the juvenile justice process (official referral, pre-adjudicatory detention, adjudication, and disposition) minority youths are overrepresented relative to their proportion of the youthful population (Dunn et. al, 1993). The researchers ... adjudication were minorities and 60% of all juveniles receiving adisposition to confinement were minorities (Dunn et. al, 1993). These statistics suggest that racial disparities in the juvenile ...

• Word Count: 8199
• Approx Pages: 33
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and organizations where criminal background histories are a critical factor in consideration for employment. Compared with longstanding paper-based methods, the system represents a quantum leap in communications, computing and data storage and retrieval technologies. "Because of the speed with which the computer compares prints, it provides a capability that we didn't have before,"" said Mark Tanner, the FBI's ... New York and Philadelphia, for example, the police are coordinating law enforcement neighborhood by neighborhood with CompStat, which stands for Computerized Statistics, a crime...

• Word Count: 2021
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... American justice system has viewed criminal behavior as a crime against "the state," leaving crime victims with no input into the legal process of the administration of justice in today's courts. Restorative justice today recognizes the act of crime as being directed against individual people. ... community in ways that can lead to lawful behavior. A portion of the vast amount of qualitative data collected in studies has been summarized. The potential for additional qualitative analysis of the data is enormous. The relatively equal number of positive and negative themes is not reflective...

• Word Count: 1005
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... American justice system has viewed criminal behavior as a crime against "the state," leaving crime victims with no input into the legal process of the administration of justice in today's courts. Restorative justice today recognizes the act of crime as being directed against individual people. ... community in ways that can lead to lawful behavior. A portion of the vast amount of qualitative data collected in studies has been summarized. The potential for additional qualitative analysis of the data is enormous. The relatively equal number of positive and negative themes is not reflective...

• Word Count: 998
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... on crimes that the police never get a chance to hear about. Even with these limitations, Uniform Crime Reports are still an essential tool, used as a part of the decision making process for policing crimes, and developing theories in criminology in the United States. The National Crime Victimization Survey, or NCVS, is the other major crime statistical database. National Crime Victimization Surveys ... the responses from the questionnaires, to determine who and what constitutes a victim. Once the individual is classified as a victim, more detailed questions are asked in order to collect...

• Word Count: 1100
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... substance abuse treatment, domestic violence, family treatment, anger management counseling, and mental health treatment (Donald 2005). Meaning the courts specifically know how to facilitate the rehabilitation process of those defendants that have the willingness to participate in changing their behavior (McCaffrey 2012).The judges presiding in these specialized courts address similar cases day in and ... (Leben 2005). Other types of problem-solving courts include community courts that function by increasing court time for minor misdemeanor offenses, replace jail and fines, collect offe...

• Word Count: 4011
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the criminal profile is on the social and behavioral characteristics of the killer. Some authorities perceive criminal profiling as a combination of brainstorming, intuition and educated guesses, however, the criminal profiling process is far more complex than that. Accurate profiling requires a careful compilation of theories and premises from psychology, sociology, psychiatry and criminology. Each of these subfields makes a different contribution to ... place in the same types of communities. The FBI frequently uses an inductive approach to criminal profiling. In essence, as the term ...

• Word Count: 1457
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... altering of documents; all of which are usually subject to criminal sanctions everywhere ("Electronic Crime"). Also included in the description or computer crime is the unauthorized invasion or trespass of data base systems of private companies or government agencies. According to Schamalleger (1999) computer crime is also described as any violation of a federal or state computer crime statue. Colorado ... person who knowingly and without authorization uses, alters, damages, or destroys any computer, computer system, or computer network described in section 18-5.5-101 or any computer soft...

• Word Count: 3406
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Services (HHS) conducts an annual National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) that questions numerous people living households about their drug and alcohol use and their involvement in crimes. The data for 1997 reveal, " that respondents arrested in the past year for possession or sale of drugs and driving under the influence had the highest percentage of illicit drug use [during ... (ADAM) Program measures drug use among arrestees by calculating the percentage of arrestees with positive urine tests for drug use. ADAM data is collected voluntarily and anonymously at the time of arre...

• Word Count: 2815
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... chances of an offender repeating his criminal activity, boot camps are becoming more popular. The Social Science Journal states in a study done by Brewer, that regardless of the data, or actual lack of data, Texas went ahead and approved eighteen proposals for boot camp facilities (Tyler, Darville, Stalnaker 446). Despite the lack of supporting facts, over thirty states have juvenile boot ... camps, and more are in the process. Even if there are not specific statistics to observe, reformers and legislators know that something is going right; otherwise they would not be ... of adult faci...

• Word Count: 2903
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... that encapsulate the opinions of those of the left wing. Among these are that capital punishment is "cruel and usual", "epitomizes the tragic inefficacy and brutality of violence", "denies due process of law", "violates the constitutional guarantee of equal protection", "is not a viable form of crime control", "wastes resources" and "is a violent spectacle of official homicide" (Bedau). Abolitionists label capital punishment ... issue of The Progressive boldly supports this view, suggesting that the death penalty is indeed unethical in that it infringes on constitutional guarantee of eq...

• Word Count: 2739
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... that encapsulate the opinions of those of the left wing. Among these are that capital punishment is "cruel and usual", "epitomizes the tragic inefficacy and brutality of violence", "denies due process of law", "violates the constitutional guarantee of equal protection", "is not a viable form of crime control", "wastes resources" and "is a violent spectacle of official homicide" (Bedau). Abolitionists label capital punishment ... issue of The Progressive boldly supports this view, suggesting that the death penalty is indeed unethical in that it infringes on constitutional guarantee of eq...

• Word Count: 2861
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... roleplaying, mini-games, and plays (Popcenter.org, 2006). Further, the police can work with other organisations i.e. automotive businesses and keep it's local residents updated on the data collected. Furthermore, by residents in the area ensuring that they have fences and gates surrounding their houses, and also locking their cars and garage doors it makes it more ... . Although a cost-benefit analysis is difficult to conduct, with the co-operation and teamwork of stakeholders and police involved it would be easier to gather, integrate and evaluate the data collected (Armitage, n.d., p5...

• Word Count: 2187
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , and analyze the deterrent effect that statistics show capital punishment has on our society. Evidence will show that there is not enough data to support the finding that capital punishment significantly deters crime in our society. The Effects of Capital Punishment on Crime Deterrence The topic ... the courts acknowledge these statistics but have rejected the idea that any particular group has experienced any form of racial bias throughout the process in the criminal justice system. Statistics such as these raise the question of whether we can argue that punishment is retributive in nat...

• Word Count: 1818
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... into a social group because of the use of an illicit substance is a common type of differential reinforcement amongst today's youth. Akers and Burgess's third mechanism of the social learning process is imitation. Individuals who watch others act in a certain way, deviant or not, will be more likely to repeat that behavior because all behaviors are learned. Bandura's social learning ... with the social learning variables that promote smoking and those that don't will have a high correlation with the social learning variables that forbid smoking. Along with Lee, Akers used data from a lon...

• Word Count: 1862
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . Video games have been increasingly talked about since sales are rising, along with the sensationalization of crimes. Video games can be harmful to the mind, and can even train the process of killing, as some video games are used as training manuals for our own military (Procon 2014). It was partly mentioned before, but the largest effect media portrayal has on ... answers cover both sides of the debate, but the layman's idea of media portrayal of crime seems to be becoming more liberal. The sociological answers give us qualitative data that we use to infer various patterns around our c...

• Word Count: 2700
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... including: physical and psychological abuse, neglect, and violent fantasy creations. These conclusions tend to dominate the study of serial murder and its creation, often neglecting other possible contributions. This data brings up the question then of why only a handful of the many abused children become serial murderers. This and other theories of childhood socialization, including a critical analysis of current ... would be attached to the perpetrator. Without the methodical premeditation, simply slaying three or more over a period of time is considered a spree killer because there ...

• Word Count: 5564
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 1980s and early 1990s, including Pittsburgh (Loeber, Farrington, Stouthamer-Loeber et al., 2008) and Denver (Huizinga, Weiher, Espiritu, & Esbensen, 2003). However, analyses of national self-report and victimization data showed that the claimed increase in juvenile violence was exaggerated (Howell, 2003b; Snyder & Sickmund, 2000). Even at the height of the juvenile crime increase (1993), "only about 6% of all juvenile ... than in the criminal justice system, but the likelihood of released youth or adults going on to lead crime-free lives is not high. Although it is very scant, data on r...

• Word Count: 2448
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... anti-gang strategy. Because hot spot patrols are based on the assumption that gang violence is concentrated around gang-saturated areas, a necessary first step is the collection and analysis of data to support that assumption and guide the efficient allocation of police resources. The final identified best practice is that the coupling of targeted patrols with aggressive curfew and truancy enforcement ... they are outnumbered and outgunned. In addition to the said inconsistencies, a much broader approach needs to be taken in order to consider the effects due to the media misrepresenting...

• Word Count: 1494
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... crime between 1988 and 1992 increased by 47%, while adult violent crime arrests increased by 19%, with substantial differences in each of the four offenses (Allen-Hagen, p. 1). This data shows that juveniles are not solely responsible for the increase in violent crime rates; however, they are substantially contributing to the growth of violent crime rates. It is obvious that ... the first issues officials are being challenged on is the intake decision of delinquency cases. After reviewing a delinquency case, justice system authorities decide whether to dismiss, informally handle, or form...

• Word Count: 2216
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... with a capital offense, the initial burden of cost is placed squarely on the shoulders of the taxpayers. Investigations, pretrial motions, trial, and the appeals process are all set to a higher standard when a sentence of death is contemplated. This is due to the severity of the punishment. If a sentence of ... life without parole offenses. A Duke University study, which evaluated the cost of a death sentence in North Carolina in 1993, concluded that the adjudication process for a capital case is only $163,000 more than a 20-year prison sentence. This, however, is misleading if you conti...

• Word Count: 2390
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... described them as "probably the least reliable of all official figures on social issues." But official crime statistics do have many strong points. Official crime statistics are often the only data available on crime. It is virtually impossible for any sociologist to get a full representative picture on crime for the whole country but official crime statistics allow a snap shot of the ... also benefit social policy because social problems are easily quantifiable so can be identified and dealt with easily. They also benefit sociology because the methods they use to collect the data are s...

• Word Count: 904
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the combination of environment, neurobiological, and personality factors give rise to different types of criminals. Although there is a lot of research that opposes the theory, researchers believe that if new data were modified the theory, as a whole may still be helpful. The final theory is a more extreme version of Eysenck's theory. The trait theory argues that criminality is the product of ... testing and information processing can prove to be too demanding. This demand could lead them to block "signals from the outer world" through daydreaming or repetitive thoughts. This process co...

• Word Count: 1551
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... thereby of promoting life course criminality. " [Cen07] There are two sides to every coin. There are two sides to every story. The same can be said for the juvenile waiver process in the juvenile court system. A juvenile waiver is the procedure of transferring, or "waiving " a juvenile offender from juvenile jurisdiction up to the criminal adult jurisdiction within the court system. There ... on transfers. Some states put minimums for certain offenses, some for the more violent offenses such as murder. Prior delinquency history is also looked at and factored into the waiver process. Not...

• Word Count: 3373
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Defining Differential Association According to Edwin Sutherland, Differential Association Theory is "the specific causal process in the development of systematic criminal behavior". (Criminological Theories, Akers, pg.72) To a lay person, I see differential association in the terms of someone being a product of his/her environment. A ... was directly with incarcerated males and females, with the study to also show the differences between the genders. There are four (4) different variables that are used to test these theories: 1) data collection - which was collected from felons entering a boo...

• Word Count: 2164
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate