... alternatives to imprisonment (Biles 1979, p.10) however other decarceration practises include work release, halfway houses, community centres and new technological advances such as electric monitoring (Black and Smith 2003). Advocates of decarceration denounce that most offenders can be safely controlled in the community and that this helps them acquire self-discipline and self-reliance that they lose by ... In short, prisons are undesirable and should be reserved for only the most serious offenders. Community is desirable so should be used as a sanction for most offences (Vass 1990, p.3...

• Word Count: 2402
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . Lower-income, more highly educated individuals are somewhat more supportive of strict laws than are higher income individuals with some college or less. (Smith 2001) In a 2000 survey sponsored by ABC/Washington Post the following question was posed; " Do you favor or oppose stricter gun control ... , results from Harris poll show that 69 percents of respondents favored stricter gun control prior to Columbine compared with 63 percent post-Columbine. (Smith 1999) In an AP poll, when the question was asked one week prior to Columbine and again approximately four months after Columbine, re...

• Word Count: 2264
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... America, hanging was the most common method of execution, firing squads were also used, until about 1900. By the mid-1900's most states started using either gas chamber or electrocution (Smith). America has hundreds of laws and practices that are much older than the death penalty therefore; the death penalty is not outdated and does not need to be abolished. Furthermore ... crimes again. Kent Scheidegger, legal director for the Criminal Justice Legal Foundation stated that, "There are times when life in prison without parole is just not a sufficient punishment"(Smith). (A) Many other au...

• Word Count: 874
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

According to the National Crime Victimization, 467,321 persons were victims of a crime committed with a firearm in 2011. [Smith, Paul 29 July 2013]In the same year, data collected by the FBI [Smith, Paul, 29 July 2013] show that firearms were used in 68 percent of murders, 41 percent of robbery offenses and 21 percent of aggravated assaults nationwide. Moreover, having Gun control ... ...

• Word Count: 1006
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a person is extremely ill and feels atrocious pain without being able to medically relieve it, this person should be allowed to receive euthanasia if its what they wanted. Bertrand Nadeau, a 39-year-old man is diagnosed with l'Ataxie, a degenerative illness that attacks the neuromuscular system. Life expectancy for people diagnosed with this illness reaches a maximum of 54 years old. For maximum ... ...

• Word Count: 1255
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... someone to house arrest rather than a prison sentence. The average cost to taxpayers to support an inmate is $65.29 per day; the daily cost for house arrest is a mere $9.39. Plus those sentenced to house arrest are forced to pay fees to help compensate for the costs of maintaining their house arrest. With about sixty-one percent of current inmates ... ...

• Word Count: 710
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... future research and policy decisions. In a report by the Government Accountability Office (GAO), evidence is presented that clearly shows problem-solving courts produce their intended outcomes. This report looked at 39 adult drug court programs and evaluated their effectiveness based on four categories: "(1) recidivism outcomes, (2) substance use relapse, (3) program completion, and (4) the costs and benefits of drug court programs " (GAO 2005 ... ...

• Word Count: 4011
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and Dufour 1998) Yet, females are not non-existent in the criminal justice system because the number of women in State prisons grew 75% from 1986 to 1991, reaching almost 39,000 by mid 1991. At that time female offenders had risen from 4.7 % in 1986 to 5.2 % of prisoners in 1991 (Snell, 1994). Thus the knowledge that gender differences in crime should ... ...

• Word Count: 1540
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... we will look at the different places and scenarios where juveniles get their guns. The firearm was stolen by the user or later confirmed as stolen by someone else in 39 percent of the cases. The firearm was obtained from a friend or relative in 42 percent of the cases. Juveniles often receive firearms from their friends, usually at their school or ... ...

• Word Count: 1363
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... balance in society will remain upset until the killer's life is also taken. They suggest that they are showing outrage for taking a life by taking the life of another (Jacoby 39). Opponents, however, argue that modern supporters of capital punishment no longer view the death penalty as a deterrent, but just as a punishment for the crime. The motives behind the death penalty ... ...

• Word Count: 1759
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , the closest execution has ever come to being illegal was back in 1972, when the Supreme Court, in its 5-4 decision Furman vs. Georgia, struck down the capital punishment statutes of 39 states. Even then, although the court ruled that the death penalty violated the Eighth Amendment's prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment, it emphasized that it was only illegal in the ... ...

• Word Count: 2839
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . Capital Punishment was abolished from all Australian states by the year 1985 (Appendix 1), however it is still practised in many other countries around the world. The death penalty exists in 39 of the United States of America, most of Africa, many countries in Europe, most countries in Asia, and most of the Middle East. A total of 95 countries worldwide retain the ... ...

• Word Count: 1819
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... be proved through demonstration of intent, and not just results. This disparity is reflected in the number of Black death row inmates. The NAACP Legal Defense fund reports that nearly 39 percent of the inmates on death row in the 35 states in which the death penalty is used. It also found that of all federal death row inmates, 67 percent ... ...

• Word Count: 3584
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the Houston Chronicle, overall recidivism rates for the following states are: • California-58.8 percent • New York-51.8 percent • Texas-40.8 percent • Illinois-40.1 percent • Florida-39.5 percent (Kimberly, 2002) When compared to these rates, Missouri's recidivism rates are considerably lower at 5 percent for probationers and parolees who have completed their respective programs successfully and 21 percent ... ...

• Word Count: 2049
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... has a disproportionate number of executions. For example, between 1924 and 1972 the United States witnessed 455 executions in the United States for rape and 99 occurred in Texas alone (Marquart 39). Texas accounted for 22 percent of rape-related executions in the United States but only consisted of 7.3 percent of the nation's total population (Texas 4). Therefore, Texas executes a proportionately higher percentage ... ...

• Word Count: 4933
• Approx Pages: 20
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... not support that zero tolerance has been in line with the intended effectiveness: Heavside (1998) found that among schools reporting no crime, only 5% reported moderate or stringent security measures, while 39% of schools were using moderate or stringent security. Mayer and Leone (1999) indicate that rules are more effective than security measures in reducing crime and violence. In other words, security ... ...

• Word Count: 1612
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of all crimes committed in Canada. In Canada, the rate of youth and adult homicide was 1.8 per 100, 000 in 1999, which was at its lowest level since 1967 (Wilson-Smith, 2000). With the decreasing frequency of crime, citizens still feel apprehensive due to the notion that the media distorts the reality of non-violent crime and displays the worst-case ... ...

• Word Count: 1719
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... some money if that athlete goes pro. The players that play the sport are trained to be physical and expected to be tough and intimdateing. Criminal justice professor Michael Clay Smith of the University of Southern Mississippi argued that athletes are more involved in violent behavior than are their peers because thay are physical people who are expected by others to ... ...

• Word Count: 1162
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and widely discussed topics of bother public and academic discourse. Scarcely a week goes by without a new political or legal issue, murder case or impending execution fuelling the fires of controversy." (Smith 235) The death penalty has been the subject of many debates over its ethics, practicality, and legality. In order to understand how the left-wing abolitionist views the issue of ... ...

• Word Count: 2739
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... morals when committing these crimes. She claims that lesbian and gay victims suffer serious psychological effects because sexual identity is such an important part of one's self-concept ("Hate"). David Smith, a spokesman for the Human Rights Campaign, which is a gay-rights organization, said, "many police officers do not correctly identify or report hate crimes." He said, "more crimes against gays and ... ...

• Word Count: 1075
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Massachusetts the magistrate created several Sabbath laws, which regarded Sunday as the Lord's Day. In Massachusetts the Sabbath laws were enforced frequently. In the town of Salem in 1668, John Smith and Mrs. John Kitchin were fined "for frequent absenting themselves from the public worship of God on the Lord's day." Magistrate also created strict laws against Quakers and persecuted them ... ...

• Word Count: 2078
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Mackenzie, Doris Layton; Katharine Browning; Stacey B. Skroban; Douglas A. Smith (1999) The Impact of Probation on the Criminal Activities of Offenders? The Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 36(4):423-453 1) This study, the impact of probation on the ... ...

• Word Count: 646
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... that communication and problem-solving breakdowns increase the incidences of delinquency which in turn increase the stress and conflict levels within the family leading to more instances of deviant behavior (Smith & Stern, 1997). Educators, clinicians and other professionals who provide services for children should carefully evaluate reports from children regarding such things as parental fighting, abuse and/or neglect so that ... ...

• Word Count: 8199
• Approx Pages: 33
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and widely discussed topics of bother public and academic discourse. Scarcely a week goes by without a new political or legal issue, murder case or impending execution fuelling the fires of controversy." (Smith 235) The death penalty has been the subject of many debates over its ethics, practicality, and legality. In order to understand how the left-wing abolitionist views the issue of ... ...

• Word Count: 2861
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... ; they can tick off the names, dates, and grisly details from the Oklahoma bombing, the O.J. Simpson double murder trial, the kidnapping and murder of Polly Klaas, the drowning of Susan Smith's children, the roadside slaying of Micheal Jordan's father, the Long Island Railroad Massacre, the never ending string of post office shootings, and on and on. The "three strikes" law, "a mandatory ... ...

• Word Count: 705
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate