Infibulation, the third type, is the most severe: After removal of the clitoris and labia, the labia are cut or scraped away to create raw surfaces, which are held in contact until they heal, either by stitching the edges of the wound or by tying the legs together. ... Often performed without anesthetic, under septic conditions by "a family member or local circumciser using knives, razor blades, or other tools that may not be sterilized before use", female circumcision can cause death or permanent health problems as well as severe pain... In communities where a persons place in society...

• Word Count: 1285
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This was also another way of dealing with wrongdoers in society, instead of implementing severe punishment- one could be sent out to the "dark continent." as most Europeans tended to see Africa. 2 The three reasons mentioned earlier are not the only definite reasons; these reasons are like the others that happen to be interrelated. ... In the light of this, African customs, religion, language, heritage and way of life was discouraged. ...

• Word Count: 2491
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Often performed without anesthetic under septic conditions by lay practitioners with little or no knowledge of human anatomy or medicine, female circumcision can cause death or permanent health problems as well as severe pain. ... For example, the Prophet Mohammed is recorded saying "Do not cut severely as that is better for a woman and more desirable for a husband (Ahmad, 2000)." ... In communities where a person's place in society is determined by lineage traced through fathers, female circumcision reduces the uncertainty surrounding paternity by discouraging or preventing women'...

• Word Count: 2909
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate