... of a number of its landmark decisions. Assess the reasons for this on-going debate about the role and decisions of the High Court. The High Court of Australia sits at the apex of the judicial system in Australia. It is the ultimate authority on the law and the ... larger and more important social and political forces. The on-going debate about these recent decisions is resulting from the thought that the High Court is an overly political institution. The controversy centers around the interpretation of the Constitution and statutory legislation about the power of the ... Commonwealth c...

• Word Count: 1774
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Financially effected the federal balance. The Federal balance is essentially, the relationship between the commonwealth and the States regarding constitutional change since 1901, much of this due to the High Court interpretation of the Constitution seen through cases such as Federal Roads Case(1926), First Uniform Tax Case (1942), and Hammond Case (1997). Cases such as these have ... or executive action. This was because of the Commonwealth's Racial Discrimination Act would apply and prevent discrimination against Aboriginal's and Torres Straight Islanders. Western Australia then tried...

• Word Count: 1458
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... role of the judge is taken for granted by many people who view their role as an administrative one. Judges, especially those of the Supreme and High Courts are under extreme pressure and do not just decide cases in a machine like fashion- by reading and administering precedents. What is it that Judges ... more complicating was the fact that it emerge details of personal information could be accessed by anyone and it was legal. To keep up with the times high court judges then created the then new privacy act. 1988. The privacy act was a new law, roughly based on its predecessor. It was ...

• Word Count: 877
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and formally, methods that are more permanent than the informal methods of challenging government decisions. In both the Mabo and Wik cases state power was challenged formally through the High Court of Australia. There are a variety of advantages and disadvantages both statutory and constitutional for Australia to enact an Australian Bill of Rights but the disadvantages clearly outweigh ... money is required to run the department in the future. The last of the formal ways of challenging state power is Ministerial Responsibility under the Westminster System. "Ministerial responsibility" ...

• Word Count: 2831
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... House which creates a strong system of checks and balances in the legislative arm of government. Australia has a responsible system of government, which is a modified version of the conventions in British Westminster system. The two long standing major political parties (Liberal and Labour) have helped the stability of the constitutional system and the numerous minor parties have kept pressure on the major ... (18+) Australian citizen to vote in a secret ballot to determine the members of parliament and the government which is the party who receives the most in the Lower House. The High...

• Word Count: 1067
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... was reached on major points such as: (1) A popularly elected Senate reduced to half the size of the House of Representatives. (2) More powers given to federal government (3) The establishment of the high court as the final court of appeal. The new draft constitution bill was adopted for colonial parliaments to consider. Nationhood The 1897 Constitution was not accepted by the Colonies. A referendum ... between commonwealth and states (3) way of seeing at any time the meaning of the constitution (4) A way to change the Constitution Australia's system of government was based on the Britis...

• Word Count: 1831
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... afford basic foodstuffs, in and out of poverty or could be in poverty (Leonor, 1985). Poverty Category 1996 1999 Change Poor: - Transient Poor 12.4 17.9 5.5 - Chronic Poor 3.2 9.5 6.3 - Total 15.6 27.4 11.8 High Vulnerability: - Low Level of Consumption 4.7 13.4 8.7 - High Variability of Consumption 2.1 5.0 2.9 - Total 6.8 18.4 11.6 Total Vulnerable Group 18.1 33.7 15.6 Average Vulnerability to Poverty 16.4 27.2 10.8 Source: Suryahadi, S. & Sumarno, S. ( ... , according to some sources, Australia is too in an unemployment crisis. With the unemployment levels being at just around 7 per ce...

• Word Count: 1633
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of passage for both Aboriginal and African youths especially for those of the male gender. According to Creativeinfo's report "Aboriginal prison rates", "half of the 10- to 17-year-olds in jails are Aboriginal. More than 30% of all Australian Aboriginal males come before Corrective Services and 91% of all Aboriginal prisoners are male". This brought to ... for everyone to be aware of the issue as this was really serious when it came to the health of everyone. This segment also led me to think back to high school where I learnt that the Indigenous people had a lower life expectancy compa...

• Word Count: 875
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... people lived and which provided a stable order of society remarkably free of the vagaries of personal whim or influence." Blackburn, J decision in Miliripum v Nabalco (The Gove Land Rights Case)(1970) 17 FLR 141 In the Mabo case, the court acknowledged that the Meriam tribe living on the Murray Islands owned that land. It allowed the Aborigines to use, enjoy and occupy ... the land. "In terms of civil law, the High Court appears to acknowledge that indigenous customary law can and does co-exist with Australian common law." (Heinemann, 2000:234) This decision was an acknowledgement of Ab...

• Word Count: 1027
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... recently Indonesia has announced further cuts. China likewise has continued to reduce its average tariff. A just announced further round of tariff cuts will bring China's rate down from 23 to 17 per cent, with a target rate of 15 per cent by the year 2000. Japan 18.5%, US 9.6%, South Korea 8.3%, China 6.9%, New Zealand 6.5%, UK 4.7%, Singapore 4.1%, Taiwan 4% (2002) It should be said that ... whether past approaches to business will deliver new investments and economic growth. In 2000, foreign investment inflows to the key East Asian economies, apart from China and Japan, declined by 17...

• Word Count: 472
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Can Australia's Remaining Biodiversity co-exist with its Urban/Agricultural Lifestyle? Australia is one of the world's most biologically diverse countries, with a high proportion of its species unique to this country. Biodiversity is a term used to describe the biological diversity or variety of life: the different plants, animals and micro-organisms, the genes ... species have become vulnerable and others have simply disappeared altogether (EPA, 2003). Declines in wildlife have occurred in most parts of Australia since European colonisation. Over the past 200 years 17 mammal species are tho...

• Word Count: 2145
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to a greater desire for the reunification of Christians. Shrines acknowledge that the splits were wrong as it is the opposite to what Jesus intended "all be one" John 17:21 and recognise that all denominations contributed. The Catholic Church has played a significant role in the Ecumenism movement since 1965 with the Australia Act of 1986 and the Republic Referendum ... ...

• Word Count: 953
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Australia, thus Australia gain the foreign exchange earnings and contribution to the balance of payments (Dickman, 1989; Hall, 1995; Richardson, 1995: 68-69). Export income from tourism reached at about $17.1 billion, accounting for almost 11.2 % of all Australian Export earnings in 2000 (Tourism Satellite Account, http://www.atc.net.au/research.asp?art=2221, [12 Aug 2002]). Moreover, the tourism ... ...

• Word Count: 984
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... afternoon by 21 bombers. The two raids killed at least 243 people and between 300 and 400 people were wounded. However, the Australian government released to the public that only 17 people had been killed in the attacks to keep up the nation's morale. Darwin's population, believing that a Japanese invasion was imminent, evacuated the city and began to move south to ... ...

• Word Count: 647
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... ) Feminism, a political and social movement to empower women to take control over their lives and situations, achieve economic independence, experience freedom and access higher education is supported by Sarantako's (1996, p. 17) by adding "The set of beliefs in the entitlement of women to emancipation, and the political and social movement which seeks to ensure the achievement of that aim". This movement ... ...

• Word Count: 1029
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... state that the head of state would be "appointed by a two third majority of parliament". This model that had been proposed had already been seen by "The Australian" newspaper on 17/Feb/1998 to have a 25 to 75 percent polling against it. In his there efforts to defeat the republic referendum, the liberal government had set a precedent. The referendum process was ... ...

• Word Count: 1577
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Australia, thus Australia gain the foreign exchange earnings and contribution to the balance of payments (Dickman, 1989; Hall, 1995; Richardson, 1995: 68-69). Export income from tourism reached at about $17.1 billion, accounting for almost 11.2 % of all Australian Export earnings in 2000 (Tourism Satellite Account, http://www.atc.net.au/research.asp?art=2221, [12 Aug 2002]). Moreover, the tourism ... ...

• Word Count: 1102
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the east of Arnhem Land. There were also inter-cultural exchanges between the Aboriginal communities and the Makassar. In 1867, the Dutch Governor-General in Makassar noted that there were 17 Aborigines in Makassar, which had returned with the Muslim fishing fleets. These early Muslim traders were among the first visitors to establish an economic enterprise, Unlike later European settlement, Makassan ... ...

• Word Count: 679
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... over the age of 14. The poll revealed that only 26 percent of people felt that capital punishment was appropriate for a person who had stabbed a victim to death, and only 17 percent favored the death penalty in respect of a person convicted of drug trafficking. The federal government does not have the power to impose the death penalty on any state or ... ...

• Word Count: 3217
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... services at its heart. Over the last 10 years, the market capitalisation share of finance and insurance companies listed on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) has more than doubled from 17.9 per cent to 36.7 per cent, overtaking the traditional sectors of resources and manufacturing. Financial Services share of total services on the ASX now amounts to approximately 65 per cent ... ...

• Word Count: 398
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... -Indigenous deaths in police custody compared to last decade. (Trend for number of occasions of police custody has been downward at the national level. eg down between 1992 and 1995 17.6% and 7.3% for non-Aboriginal and Aboriginal people respectively.) There also has been a significant increase in Indigenous and non-Indigenous deaths in prison proportionate to the increase in the prison population ... ...

• Word Count: 1133
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... ) was the moment at which abortion became homicide; prior to quickening, abortion was a less serious sin. Pope Gregory XIV agreed, designating "quickening" as occurring after a period of 116 days (about 17 weeks). His declaration in 1591 that early abortion was not grounds for excommunication continued to be the abortion policy of the Catholic Church until 1869. In this year, Pope Pius ... ...

• Word Count: 1872
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... used as pets (e. g. parrots, fresh-water fish); stricter import regulations have alleviated this somewhat. A tremendous variety of tropical rain forest plants have been cultivated by humans. The high levels of secondary compounds in tropical plants have made them valuable as spices, stimulants, and other drugs, and many others are cultivated for food, clothing, and shelter. Recent discoveries ... , Umbelliferae, Labiatae, and Compositae. Environments of the zone are varied enough so that no constellation of characteristics has led particular animal groups to dominate it, but there is a ...

• Word Count: 12375
• Approx Pages: 50
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and distribution development in addition to deploying aggressive marketing strategies. Also, strategic alliances shall assist in our attainment of goals and objectives. Introduction Pandofandlejoie Breweries produces products of high quality and impeccable taste. The company currently produces three main lines of products: Pando beer, Fandle beer and Joie Beer. All three types have unique properties that will ... also constitute our competitors. They often have access to the local and remote areas and knowledge of these areas. A drawback is that their products are not constantly of high...

• Word Count: 6484
• Approx Pages: 26
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... money and resources misallocated which will decrease the economy's productivity. This might lead to an appreciation of the dollar as overseas speculators will find it quite profitable and high interest rate in Australia to dampen inflation can lead to increased capital inflow. Australia's export will lose its global competitiveness due to the effect of cost-push inflation ... groups. These are: Structural unemployment, cyclical unemployment, seasonal unemployment, frictional unemployment, long-term unemployment, hard-core unemployment, hidden unemployment and underemployment. In the ea...

• Word Count: 1503
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate