... have undergone numerous periods of reform. Yet, racial disparities in sentencing outcomes and incarceration rates continue to give rise to serious questions about how and through what processes race continues to affect sentencing outcomes. In this essay, we will review the scholarly research on race and sentencing, and discuss a number of important sentencing reforms that have taken place in ... white defendants serve for violent offenses-a result largely attributed to biases in federal statutory penalties for offenses involving crack versus powder cocaine (Mauer and King, 2007a). Under...

• Word Count: 2620
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... a better phrase than "internalized racism" in describing the absorption by black people of negative attitudes typically held by white people about blackness. "White supremacy" is also useful when referring to how black people are able to exercise "white supremacist control" over one another. Hooks views the emphasis of the struggle against "white supremacy" as helping to form coalitions among peoples of ... ...

• Word Count: 608
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Graduate

... diversity and enrich its community. Their educators have recognized and respected their students' ethnic identities preparing them to assume common obligations and responsibilities of citizenship, which involve shared civic values. How do these educators depict accurately and fairly the rich ethnic diversity of the United States and also teach core values of a common American heritage? First is to communicate to students ... ...

• Word Count: 607
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Graduate

... those economic factors which affect the entire class as opposed to a particular problem contained wholly within and specific to the particular group within the class. The question for Wilson is how can this be accomplished. He believes the answer to lie in the formation of a national multiracial coalition. The first half of the book addresses what the author perceives to be ... ...

• Word Count: 1618
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Graduate