... a categorical belief in the biological inferiority of African-Americans. Old, rejected theories of biological inferiority have been replaced, in many instances, by a form of cultural racism within American institutions. This exists when implicit racist assumptions, particularly cultural ones, infect the conduct, practices and arrangements of institutions. This type of institutionalized racism often leads to a perception ... his willingness to participate in multiracial organizations, institutionalized racism notwithstanding. Wilson believes another obstacle to coalition building to be t...

• Word Count: 1618
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Graduate

... expectation that these would create certainty in sentencing outcomes and increase the transparency and legitimacy of sentencing processes. This movement was part of a broader shift toward formalism and rationalization in American criminal law. In response to external pressure from scholars and legal advocates, governmental pressure to develop standardized models of sentencing led the United States Board of Parole to become the ... federal parole, and narrowed judicial discretion at sentencing through the use of standardized sentencing ranges. In addition to adopting sentencing guideline...

• Word Count: 2620
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... of citizenship, which involve shared civic values. How do these educators depict accurately and fairly the rich ethnic diversity of the United States and also teach core values of a common American heritage? First is to communicate to students of various ethnic identities that they are valued members of the school community. Students are likely to learn more from classroom instruction when ... ...

• Word Count: 607
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Graduate