... city-state was considered a unique political community because it attempted to enable the men express and transform their understanding of the good through political interaction and participation and these were seen in the free and direct voting on executive bills and legislation as the citizens saw appropriate to their Community and also elect some officeholders to fill the most sensitive positions in military ... central bank with elections by this we can pick the best for that position and its likes. Adding to the above, just as Held purported in 2006 that the ancient democratic city-...

• Word Count: 2047
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... but he believes that "internet voting is the worst possible choice for democracy." In addition to voter apathy as one of the main problems of internet voting, Harrop touches upon the potential problems of internet voting such as coercion, identity theft, fraud and that voting should be a communal activity. Moreover, he states that although internet voting may increase voter quantity, voter quality ... to Ikeda are costs that make it "quite rational for a voter to abstain from voting." As Ikeda mostly highlights the convenience of internet voting, she fails to mention and therefore overlo...

• Word Count: 806
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Graduate

... reports, such as, when outspoken academic Cherian George, who has called for more press freedom, was denied tenure at Nanyang Technological University, and when letters of demand were sent by the government to bloggers and online media commentators to apologize and remove remarks that allegedly defamed government officials or the courts (Shah, 2013). The foreign media played up the fact that Singapore fell 14 ... clarify its policy is the protest led by civil society against the Population White Paper in February 2013. After the civil society uproar against increasing the population in ...

• Word Count: 817
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... preferences for candidates to hold presidential office, indicates one thing (the democratic principle), the Electoral College could easily prove to support federalism more than democracy. One of the avenues of expression and attempts at policy change that the democratic principle supports is the flexibility to allow a third candidate to run for presidential office. This third candidate would be able ... from the popular vote that the third candidate should get attention? The Electoral College, even though it rightly neglects to give candidates with low amounts of support the presidency, ...

• Word Count: 1088
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Graduate

... , however, many feel that our democracy is under attack by the nations battling political parties. Politics and politicians in America are the backbone of democracy; we cannot efficiently uphold the rights and regulations of the Constitution without elected officials to organize and delegate power within such a large nation. However, the power struggles between the political parties do not negate the fact ... real issues that affect people's lives in terms of the cost of groceries, employment, issues of shelter, certainly healthcare and prescription drugs, those are driving the concerns ...

• Word Count: 653
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Graduate

... underlying argument that capitalism leads to corruption is easily refuted because liberal democracies simply create laws to prevent this type of corruption and since the rule of law applies to all citizens these people are held accountable for any laws they break in spite of how much wealth or power they may have. Branco's assertion does not, however, stop with the implication that ... seems to be giving way largely due to the fact that in most liberal democracies welfare liberalism is giving way to neo-liberalism and thus equality of opportunity is now giving way to equality of right. F...

• Word Count: 1285
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... foreigners who were sent safely back to their country. In addition to the Maspero incident that resulted in the deaths of many civilians, and other incidents like Mohamed Mahmoud and Port Said incidents that all agitated the people against the army. The unpopularity of the army at that time was also triggered by their refusal to surrender power to a civilian government for almost two ... Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohamed Morsi emerged victorious, in an election that could be described as, among other things, democratic. After that, General Hussein Tantawi, the head of the supreme cou...

• Word Count: 1377
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Graduate

... best for the entire population. "Campaign contributions profoundly influence the legislative decisions of members of Congress, and thus contribute to the overrepresentation of special interests in Congress at the expense of the interests of unorganized citizens" (Smith 91). Contributors like Political Action Committees give billions of dollars every election in order to get candidates elected who will meet their interests groups ... figures, thus virtually guaranteeing that their clients will have direct access to congressional leaders" (Ginsburg, Lowi, Weir, Tolbert 447). The stable hol...

• Word Count: 1921
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Graduate

... its core, anarchism requires that its participation is purely voluntary and thus adequately governed by the people's will rather than a mechanized imposed one. Although these sources speak of entirely different aspects of society, they unite under the critical ideal of collectivist (ownership and control of the means of production and distribution by the people collectively) rule. It is crucial ... says, provides safeguards against bureaucratization. Similarly, Conlon covers the healthcare system as being purely voluntary, based upon the needs of the community, and without profit motivat...

• Word Count: 1276
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Graduate

... it is strategically ineffective, rather than to bear the costs and risks of transition to a true democracy model. However, we should admit that over the years of the political transformation of the Republic of Kazakhstan the degree of political participation of citizens through the institution of democratic elections has increased markedly. And generally, it is a gradual transition from mobilization to democratic ... rate is very low, considering the fact that young people in the age range of 16-29 constitute more than one-third of all the adult Kazakhstan population. The number of wom...

• Word Count: 1572
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Graduate

... this essay will only concentrate on horizontal accountability as we assume vertical accountability as a natural indicator of the scope of inclusion of a state. First and outmost, governments have to be able to be held accountable by the public which requires a high degree of transparency in political decision making. The individual state agencies, although, working closely together, also have ... 's efforts to fight corruption are ineffective provides evidence for distrust in politics from the people. Some cases of the lack of inclusion involve discrimination of the Roma minority. The go...

• Word Count: 2022
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Graduate

... best approach to compare political regimes. Nevertheless, I will only make my conclusion final after I have interpreted the political systems of both China and Nigeria using his concepts of Participation and contestation. Robert A Dahl in his book "Polyarchy-Participation and Opposition"" caries forward his ideas of the conditions under which political systems change or are transformed from one type to another. (Dahl (1971) page 1) Dahl ... later, pitting off the two candidates in a run off. (O'Neil (2010) Page 549) This again gives rise to inclusiveness as Nigeria solely depends on its p...

• Word Count: 2103
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Graduate

... either accept or reject such cultural variables. In addition, these collective attitudes contribute to the shaping of the government policies that regulate the welfare of all migrants and potential migrants. Consequently, if one considers that the fundamentals of democracy involve the "government of a country by its people" (Hutchinsons, 1994:308), it becomes clear that multiculturalism's influence on ... it undermines a system which places a special significance on democracy through representation. Therefore, it can be seen that many recent decisions that have influenced Australia's re...

• Word Count: 2017
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... find substantial evidence to support the accusations made. It is important to remember the context regarding the loyal relationship that both the police and judicial systems of Cambodia have towards the ruling party, which consequently results in clear disincentives for citizens to accuse any public official or politically connected person ... a greater form of freedom of expression and could make leaps in development by revising the newly imposed penal code and thus decriminalizing the criticism of politicians, government officials and institutions. Political freedom and civil liberti...

• Word Count: 3095
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... aristocracy of virtuous, propertied gentlemen. Simultaneously, some of the looming shapes of nineteenth-century capitalism "chartered corporations, commercial banks, and other private institutions "presaged the consolidation of a new kind of moneyed aristocracy. And increasingly after the War of 1812, government policy seemed to combine the worst of both old and new, favoring the kinds of centralized, broad constructionist, top-down forms of economic development that many thought would aid men of established ... means while deepening inequalities among whites. Numerous events during and...

• Word Count: 2407
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Graduate

... the Ebert Groener pact displayed the Weimar Republic was in danger of survival from the beginning. The flaws in the Weimar constitution potentially doomed the Republic and its democratic bases. The constitution although guaranteed basic political liberities such as freedom of speech, equality before the law and gave men and women over the age of twenty the right to vote, the constitution allowed the president ... to have the right to close parliament and issues decrees at any moment under Article 48. A ... Richard Evans states "[Germany] remained on a continued war footing: at war with ...

• Word Count: 1029
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Graduate

... none is different from his fellows, none can exercise a tyrannical power: men will be perfectly free, because they will all be entirely equal; and they will all be perfectly equal, because they will be entirely free. To this ideal state democratic nations tend"2. A crucial specification in the understanding of Tocqueville's philosophy of democracy in this particular context is that when Tocqueville talks about ... for this is perfectly clear: no monarch is so absolute as to combine all the powers of society in his own hands and to conquer all opposition, as a majority is able to do, whi...

• Word Count: 2076
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Graduate

... establishment. Democracy is essential to address India's developmental challenges in view of its diversity and need for responsive government. While criticisms of casteism, communalism, criminalization of politics and corruption are warranted, they represent an incomplete process of deepening of democracy rather than failure of democracy itself. An understanding of strengths and limitations of Indian democracy requires a contextualization of its origins, which gave it distinctive characteristics. These resulted from a western democratic political system ... a vehicle for empowerment in ...

• Word Count: 797
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Graduate

... zeal for different opinions concerning religion, concerning government, and many other points, as well of speculation as of practice; an attachment to different leaders have, in turn, divided mankind into parties" (Madison). These organizational agencies represent the ideals of society, and enhance the Madisonian model of checks and balances. Madison provides many examples of why we have a pluralist society in America, ... because the public interest is the sum of all group interests. We have pluralism to make sure that people's viewpoints are represented ... via factional groups that...

• Word Count: 1119
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Graduate

... aware that they must respect their peers - although uniformed as to why - is the idea of pluralism, a framework of interaction in which groups show sufficient respect and tolerance of each other, and coexist and interact without conflict or assimilation(6). Pluralism entails the free exchange of ideas and that one hundred per cent of information be available to the public, because no less than one hundred per cent is necessary ... make an informed decision. The idea is that people learn tolerance through learning about one another and use intelligent reasoning to recognize and accept cu...

• Word Count: 1308
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... individual would not be heard at all. In a large republic however, where various opinions exist, a domineering majority would never be able to form and therefore, unpopular views would be heard and the minority would be protected. Additionally, a menagerie of wide-ranging opinions in a large republic would result in the government making much more moderate decisions for the public good as opposed to extreme ... situations. Even so, the Federalists did acknowledge that in a large republic it would be harder for representatives to be acquainted with local politics and common issues of the...

• Word Count: 1689
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Graduate

... the best. Therefore it seems as if it is almost impossible to analyse regimes from any perspective other than that of their citizens. The ability to persuade and coerce a population that the current system of government is most appropriate is simply manipulation of the people and we must bear in mind that whatever regime we live under, this must necessarily be the case for us ... enfranchisement which can be used to remove those from power who act in an improper way. There is no need to rely on the benevolence or nous of an authoritarian ruler to provide what we need and want as we vote...

• Word Count: 2466
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Graduate

... over Nazi Germany however, a new fear was born, coined by history as the "Cold War-. In Italy the people had won the right to vote in a "free- election and choose the type of government they deemed fit to effectively govern the nation. The 1948 elections in Italy led promise that the people, for the first time, would be able to decide for ... second world war. The United States used this angle as their "trump card- to pressure de Gasperi into weeding out leftist opposition in his cabinet. The withholding of United States aid and the cancellation of one billion dollars worth of debt owed...

• Word Count: 2795
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Graduate

... , its democracy was not established until 1974. However, it is very significant to acknowledge that the democratic rule in Colombia has been difficult to sustain because of the influence of violence and corruption from the Guerrilla movement, Paramilitary groups, and drug trafficking lords. In addition, Colombia's political system has been different from other Latin American countries in the sense that it has a long history ... Perez, in 1993. Moreover, looking it from a regional perspective, Venezuelan politics has been working backwards in the last decade. Instead of consolidation of d...

• Word Count: 2250
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Graduate

... , individualist, rights-based ideology that had sprung from recourse to both Western philosophy and more traditional Japanese ideas of disobedience and resistance to authority. The concepts of 'Jiyushugi' (principle of self-judgement) and 'Bummei Kaika' (civilisation and enlightenment) had been celebrated through the writings of earlier Meiji intellectuals such as Fukuzawa Yukichi and Nakamura Masano15, and had remained sufficiently vitalised up until the 1920's with political organisations such as the ... that they existed as a fiercely uneven opposition to the conservative and mil...

• Word Count: 2458
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Graduate