... stable throughout the ten-year period, providing sufficient evidence to disprove the presupposition that school violence was increasing at an alarming and threatening rate (DeVoe et al., 2004). These findings directly challenge the very foundation of Zero-Tolerance policies and call into question the justification for enforcing such strict rules with no proven ... delinquent behavior and additional suspensions. This contradicts the first assumption of deterrence, demonstrating that harsh punishment is not an effective means of preventing re-offense (Skiba et al., 2006). Additional studi...

• Word Count: 4044
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... to victimisation. Positivist victimology is also concerned with 'victim proneness, 'victim precipitation' and the lifestyle of the victim, as Mendelsohn, (1963, cited in Davies et al. 2003) suggests that victims are somewhat culpable for the crimes that have been committed against them. To support this perspective, scientific methodologies were used and empirical data was collected, ... mainly based upon "criminal statistics provided by central and local government departments" and victimisation surveys. (Davies, et al., 2003, pp. 3) The problem with this however, is that crimi...

• Word Count: 1596
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... contribute to them deterring from using forms of physical violence. Numerous studies have also found that retaliation from the target to be a motivation for deterrence of violent behaviour (Wright et al, 1983). During the evaluation of costs within a hostile encounter there is a crucial thought towards coercive power. This is the capability to force change, using threats of harm or bodily force ... ...

• Word Count: 2235
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate