... specific positions in the crystal; consequently, the material does not conduct electricity. At high temperature thermal vibration break some of the covalent bonds. The breaking of a bond yields a free electron that can participate in current conduction. Once an electron moves away from a covalent bond, it leaves a hole that is filled with the neighboring atom this cause conduction to occur. So at low temperate ... host atoms). This process is the doping process. For example, when a silicon atom is replaced by an atom with five outer electrons such as arsenic, four of the electrons form ...

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