The U. S. Department of Justice retains data for analysis, dissemination, and study to help those in law enforcement and those wishing to research data related to criminal justice. The Bureau of Justice Statistics program under the DOJ, an executive, administrative branch of government, is an extremely useful tool ... facilitate this possibility or deter it. For example, homelessness, unemployment, mental health issues, and substance abuse can all compound reunification and further bring out re-offense. The data suggests that drug offenders and persons committing property crimes were more li...

• Word Count: 533
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... is important to remember that blacks, Hispanics, and other minorities occupy many of the same areas that are targeted by police officers for drug offenses. Other researchers have had similar findings when researching the topic of race and drug enforcement. A researcher by the name of Kevin Burke states,that while blacks make up 13% of the national population and 13% of the country ... 's monthly drug users, they account for 35% of arrests for drug possession, 55% of convictions and 74% of prison sentences? (p. 28). Between 1986 and 1991, the ... , I will also express ways in which I feel...

• Word Count: 3499
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... controversy. Consequences The first and the most distinguishable consequence is minority's high incarceration rate. The war on drugs, the decision made by legislatures to lengthen drug sentences, combined with drug enforcement tactics, has significantly resulted in the increased number of prisoners that are highly disproportionate to the population of minority. It was not until 1985 that ... 10 different ways to improve the situations. The recommendations are such: (1) build accountability into the exercise of discretion by police and prosecutors (2) improve the diversity of law enforce...

• Word Count: 2471
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and Practices State and federal policymakers should shift the focus of drug policies in ways that would be more effective in addressing substance abuse and would also reduce racial and ethnic disparities. There should be a focus on balancing law enforcement strategies and demand reduction approaches emphasizing prevention and treatment. 2. Provide Equal Access to Justice Federal and State policies should ... availability of community-based sentencing options. Citizens and Police review boards can play proactive and reactive roles in monitoring individual police behavior as well as proble...

• Word Count: 1374
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... problems that are encountered in police ethics is explained as issues that center around integrity and problems that involve harder choices in law enforcement which require additional ethical analysis. Police corruption is further explained through personalistic, institutional, and a systemic approach. This is witnessed in ... officers abuse the trust of the society they are sworn to protect. This can come in the form of lying, accepting bribes, robbing drug dealers, selling of drugs, or turning a blind eye when a fellow officer is using excessive force. The consequences of these acts ....

• Word Count: 2665
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... initiatives, passed by 41 states and written into the federal criminal-justice code, have failed in their mission"(52). When mandatory sentences are not implemented, the average prison term for a drug conviction is about 6.6 years (Grayson 2). This is a significantly shorter sentence when compared to a mandatory sentence. As a study by RAND research group states, "Long sentences could be a ... . In some instances, they do deter consumption. When mandatory sentences are used in Federal cases that do involve high-level drug dealers, the amount of cocaine consumed can be reduced 72 kilogra...

• Word Count: 1958
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... are regarded as patients rather than criminals. Accordingly, a comprehensive, differentiated set of preventive measures and care facilities has been established. The judicial authorities have always followed the principle that drug addicts should undergo medical treatment rather than serve a custodial sentence. Despite the sometimes disappointing results of treatment and/or the recidivism that occurs, this standpoint has been firmly adhered ... 100,000 in the U.S. Crime-related deaths as a percentage of population: 1.2 per 100,000 in the Netherlands (1994); 8.2 per 100,000 in the U.S. (1...

• Word Count: 2975
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... millions of those who break our laws; mostly non-violent drug laws. In 1968, to answer the public's outcry to stem the "drug problem", Congress responded with a major anti-crime bill that provided millions of dollars to states for local law enforcement which increased the federal government's involvement in local law enforcement. Since then this country has ignored intellectual models of criminal ... down again, but the incarceration rate has marched relentlessly upward every single year.2 Crime rates have been stable and slightly declining since the 1970's. The massive increase in law...

• Word Count: 2156
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... jurisdictions. Suggestions and recommendations that have come from these and other commissions and investigations, although insightful and accurate, have not resulted in a significant acceptance or change within law enforcement agencies nationwide (2). Policies are often general and imprecise (1). While departments may have increased the number of required ethics related classes, the training itself has not changed dramatically (2). ... day operating realities of police work, which provides considerable discretion and freedom of judgment for the typical patrol officer, may lead to ethical...

• Word Count: 2953
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... solving cases. The FBI Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS), part of which debuted in July 1999, was developed to offer rapid suspect identification to American law enforcement agencies and organizations where criminal background histories are a critical factor in consideration for employment. Compared with longstanding paper-based methods, the system represents a quantum leap in ... accountable for outcomes. Commanders must develop tactics that are comprehensive and adaptable to changing trends. Cross-jurisdiction cooperation also is necessary, involving law e...

• Word Count: 2021
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... " in the mid-1980s, Black Americans have been arrested, prosecuted, convicted and imprisoned for drug law offences at rates grossly out of proportion to their numbers among drug offenders. Although drug use and selling cut across all racial, socioeconomic and geographic lines, law enforcement strategies have targeted street-level drug dealers and users from low-income, predominantly minority urban areas. For a variety of reasons ... down doors without search warrants, stopping and searching anyone they choose on the sidewalk or street, harassing and arresting young people for wearing "gan...

• Word Count: 3114
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... enforcement agencies (for example, the financial investigation bodies, prosecution and customs authorities etc.) sometimes don't have the proper close interaction between each other. Although it may be regarded both as positive or negative but one fact is obvious: the interaction between these agencies is really vital in the fight against such serious problems as smuggling, illegal drug ... and weapons traffic, underground markets, money laundering and many others. We have thoroughly studied the causes that have become a stumbling block in the interaction of law enforcement and customs a...

• Word Count: 1015
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• Grade Level: Graduate

... communities are facing and to take a load off of police officers shoulders. This is an act to create a bond between the community and their law enforcement. Each play an important role and enforcing this style of policing will only create a better atmosphere to live. Branching off the idea of POP, John ... problem at hand was that civilians were drinking alcohol in public parks, using drugs and vandalism. Enforcing a curfew, removing many pay phones used for drug deals, and patrolling was how this was dealt with. The next intervention was from the Braga et al study. Many hot spots rose d...

• Word Count: 1296
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... the justice system on criminal's who have produced a peculiar idea of another social world with separate laws for them to follow. For example, drug dealers see dealing drugs as a profession and a tool of the trade. Although, criminal investigators are expected to find criminals and arrest them ... follow specific commands from the officer that owns them. The canines provide as a partner to the officers and aid them in foot chases, drug cases, and locating murder weapons and suspects. The officers from the Springfield canine unit spoke of a specific case where the suspect had ... famili...

• Word Count: 3727
• Approx Pages: 15
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... for the benefit of the community. Probation also moved on in the 1990's as it became responsible for developing partnerships with other agencies, such as employment agencies and alcohol and drug counsellors, so that offenders in the community can be more effectively managed. On the 1st April 2001, the Probation and Police Service became the responsible authority' in protecting the public ... , working collaboratively with other agencies. (Induction Handbook, 2003) Paul Boateng, Minister for Prisons and Probation stated with confidence, "We are a law enforcement agency. Its what we are, i...

• Word Count: 2366
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 1992, AIDP released a report on computer crime based on reports of its member countries that estimated that only 5 per cent of computer crime was reported to law enforcement authorities. Law enforcement officials indicate from their experience that recorded computer crime statistics do not represent the actual number of offences; the term "dark figure", used by criminologists to refer to ... The growing sophistication of telecommunications systems and the high level of expertise of many system operators complicate significantly the task of regulatory and legal intervention by law enforcem...

• Word Count: 3718
• Approx Pages: 15
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... which is known as racial profiling happens all to often throughout the U.S. and is one of the most serious issues confronting law enforcement today. The point of whether police are intentionally targeting African Americans because they think they are more likely to engage in criminal activity ... is being debated by civil rights groups, law enforcement officials, and normal everyday citizens. Many states have already take action by passing laws in order to protect African Americans from being ... down on drugs in the U.S. In South Carolina, the Department of Motor Vehicles issued out g...

• Word Count: 1146
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... still challenges that need to be dealt with. Gangs are one of the oldest organized crime entities and they still pose a challenge to law enforcement due to their size and criminal activity. Many people think gang activity has slowed down. It seems that way because they are not the topic ... gives some summaries of what is going on currently with gangs, by looking at this website you can tell gangs are still a challenge for law enforcement. The computer is now a place where criminals can thrive and commit more crimes. We are now in the information age and information is readily available ...

• Word Count: 583
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• Grade Level: High School

... to be stopped, and more likely to be searched, and most likely to be arrested and imprisoned. By being of another skin color it gives grounds of suspicion by law enforcement officials. Tens of thousands of innocent motorists on highways across the country are victims of racial profiling. And these discriminatory police stops have reached epidemic proportions in recent years- fueled ... war on drugs that has given police a pretext to target people who think fit a "drug courier" or "gang member" profiling. The pervasiveness of racial profiling by the police in the enforcement of our natio...

• Word Count: 597
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• Grade Level: High School

... warrant that would violate the constitutional rights of the individual. Thus allowing the seized evidence to still be used in trial .A law enforcement official to be acting in good faith must be acting under an objective belief that what they are doing is constitutional and the facts ... faith exception" was accepted into constitutional law. Acting on the information from an informant Burbank, CA police department launched an investigation in drug-trafficking. With observations of the respondents Officer Rombach prepared an application for warrant to search three residences and automobil...

• Word Count: 660
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... have certain characteristics this told by the National law journal "more then 50 percent have some type of learning disability. Over 60 percent are drug users, 66 percent are from broken homes. Statistics show that 50 percent of all prisoners are young African- Americans, with most stemming from below ... drug related offense. Does that mean drug treatment programs would be more human and will be a cost effective alternative? The increased number of crimes and arrest, particularly drug arrest are more than the current system of police, and prosecutors and judges can handle. According to...

• Word Count: 1133
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... patrols, good relationships with the community, and through tough penalties for convicted criminals. When deterrence fails, criminals need to be identified and held accountable for their actions. Law enforcement enforces many different crimes; some of the most serious crimes are violent crimes. According to the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting Program, violent crime is defined by four offenses: ... on the inmate population of any Federal, State, or Local detention facility unless crowding is inflicting cruel and unusual punishment on a particular identified prisoners " (Violent Crime Contr...

• Word Count: 1330
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... officials who are concerned about overcrowded facilities may desire to release criminals from prison. Another example of the conflict model that I have witnessed is between local, state and federal law enforcement and there inability or lack of desire to share information. The consensus model argues that the organizations of a criminal justice system either do, or should work cooperatively to produce justice ... . I truly believe and would love to see a consensus model of criminal justice. All law enforcement, which includes local, state, and federal agencies working together, sharing in...

• Word Count: 476
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... officials who are concerned about overcrowded facilities may desire to release criminals from prison. Another example of the conflict model that I have witnessed is between local, state and federal law enforcement and there inability or lack of desire to share information. The consensus model argues that the organizations of a criminal justice system either do, or should work cooperatively to produce justice ... . I truly believe and would love to see a consensus model of criminal justice. All law enforcement, which includes local, state, and federal agencies working together, sharing in...

• Word Count: 476
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the courts was the utilization of 'Zero Tolerance' policing. What the 'Zero Tolerance' policy meant was that all laws would be strictly enforced comes along with aggressive police enforcement (Grabosky, 1999). This policy affected the courts because it not only increased the amount of cases it would handle, it would also present the courts with a wide variety of different ... with from minor to serious crimes (Grabosky, 1999). International activity has also play a role in the United States court systems. With the increased corruption within the Mexican government, dealing wit...

• Word Count: 1661
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School