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... been bloodstained to the knees from riding among the bodies of the dead Muslims. In the Middle East the crusaders set up four small states: the County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch, the County of Tripole, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. They introduced European feudalism and subdivided the land into fiefs controlled by vassals and lords. For almost a century, the ... ...
... of the Romans. The Renaissance, however, saw the resurrection of what previous centuries had forgotten. Sculptors and painters flourished through the support of patrons. Whereas medieval art was dark and ecclesiastical, Renaissance art reintroduced depth, perspective, color and realism. The fifteenth century truly was a rebirth' of the arts. The Renaissance sparked imagination and curiosity in the masses. People sought out to ... ...
... community religious activities caused many people to "lose the faith" that once was the foundation of almost all civilizations of the world. All of this "exposed the crying need for ecclesiastical reform, thus laying the foundations for the great reform efforts of the sixteenth century" (McKay,Hill,etc. 398). The sixteenth century, of course, is another story. ...
... and burned alive; similar scenes occurred in Stuttgart, Ulm, Speyer, and Dresden. Two thousand Jews were massacred in Strausburg: in Mainz as many as 12,000" (Davies p. 412). It took "ecclesiastical and secular authorities combined to outlaw the movement" (Strayer and Munro p. 465). The plague reappeared continuously every so often throughout Europe until almost modern times. The initial Black Death prepared ... ...
... the papacy. The papacy went through a lot of changes during the medieval period. It gradually gained secular authority. For a time the Pope became a powerful lay prince as well as an ecclesiastical ruler when he gain more land through donations. He tried to establish secular as well as spiritual supremacy over the rulers. This intermingling of powers was a determining condition in the ... ...
