Chapter 13: What type of crisis went on in Europe during 1294-1450? Explain and describe these dilemmas.
"In the late years of the thirteenth century, Europeans seemed to run out of steam. The crusading movement gradually fizzed out"(McKay,Hill,etc 389). After the efforts of the Crusades began to slowly decline, many social, health, and economical problems arose in the midst of all this confusion. During this time many once highly powerful and authoritive members of the church, community, and royal society were being questioned and opposed by the common people. They began to lose the trust and loyalty of their subjects. Also, during this time, many new churches and cathedrals were left incomplete due to tension between the rulers common citizens. During the late Middle Ages four main dilemmas occurred which sparked a beginning of change in the world at that time, such as: the increasing numbers of challenges to religious authority, the massive plague known as The Black Death, the fiercesome struggle known as the Hundred Years" War, and the steady decline of participants in the religious activities of the community.
"In 1294, King Edward I of England and Phillip the Fair of France declared war on each other."(McKay,Hill,etc. 389) In order to clothe, feed and transport soldiers to the battle field, the kings began to impose large fees and taxes upon all the churches of each country. In the beginning, Pope Boniface VIII (ruled 1294-1303) had opposed the taxes forced on the church. He later caved in and paid the fees that King Phillip had requisitioned mainly because the king had stopped all shipments of religious artifacts into France. In 1302 a letter was revealed stating that all Christians, including the king, were subjects of the Pope and that he was basically the earthly Supreme Being. Boniface was arrested for opposing the king and was placed in jail for a brief period of time.
The European Renaissance was a period in history of renewed interest in the arts. ... Printing made an impact on European intellectual life and thought. The Europeans found out how to print using movable type. Johannes Gutenberg's Bible was the first European book ever printed using movable type. ... These armies were the first standing armies in Europe. ...
EUROPEAN EXPLORATION: During the Middle Ages, a new interest in exploration arose in Europe. ... There were other resources that Europe required which they could not provide for themselves. Europe used gold and silver coins (mints) as their currency, but had a limited supply of these resources. ... These explorations for fortunes resulted in relationships between the west (Europe), and the world. The voyages for the discovery of such fortunes as land, money and trade changed economic relations in Europe, and as such, fortune was the major motive for the European age of exploration. ...
One could also say that the world was Europeanized, for the period of modernization was a matter of ideas and techniques that have a European origin. A great change in Europe was the starting-point of modern history. ... In Europe itself, slavery had by then all but withered away. ... Because of the strong feelings of nationalism in Europe during this time, many conflicts broke out between the countries and empires of Europe. ... The lack of knowledge and the dramatic effects of the war forced Europeans to learn about technology and its usage, which helped Europe to further progress into th...
THE EUROPEAN UNION - BRIEF HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS For centuries, Europe was the scene of frequent and bloody wars. ... In 1957 they signed the Treaties of Rome, creating the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) and the European Economic Community (EEC). ... The first is the European Council. ... Another institution is the European Court of Justice. ... The mission of the European Court of Auditors is to audit independently the collection and spending of European Union funds and, through this, assess the way that the European institutions discharge these functions. ...
European society gradually transformed from a Europe that was in anarchy during the Dark Ages to several national states. ... European society began to look back to classic ancient cultures of Rome, Greece and also the Islamic cultures. ... The Church was the most influential force in Europe and was somewhat of a government because the majority of Europeans had it in common. ... This first began because the feudal lords in Europe became too powerful for the king to dominate so he was forced to compromise and distribute power among nobles. ... The languages that are spoken today in Europe an...
In the 1890's, antisemitism in Europe took the form of violent oppression in Eastern Europe. ... In Eastern Europe, Jews were seen as outcasts and this sentiment was capitalized upon by rulers. ... In Eastern Europe, Jews were openly hated and discriminated against in a way that the average Western European Jewish person could not even begin to imagine. ... The Tsarist power used Jews as scapegoats much like the politicians in Western Europe. ... In Western Europe, Jews often became successful but remained hated by many. ...
The European Constitution Vs. A Constitutional Europe The Member States of the European Union are currently in volved in a lively debate that is centered on what might be the biggest step yet towards the federalization of Europe. ... The adoption of the European Constitution is not likely to be accomplished without any complications. ... Therefore, a different method should be used to design the Constitution of the European Union. ... It is a very serious threat to democracy in the European Union. ...
By 1850, Europe had shifted from agriculture to industry. One of the most essential causes for the industrialization of Europe was an increase in European population, better known as Mass Society. ... Politically, many of the European countries still faced issues. ... Fortunately, young students in Europe were very well educated and sought to exercise the power they had to protest all of the injustices going on in Europe. ... The successful treaty between several Western European states expanded heavy industry and encouraged economic growth throughout Europe, and a few years later the European...
Over five centuries ago, European explorer Christopher Columbus fortuitously discovered America. ... In the beginning, the Natives were friendly towards the Europeans. ... However their relationship began to fall apart as the Europeans began to abuse their privileges. ... However the original inhabitants of America, or the "Indians" as the Europeans called them, had been roaming the lands for thousands of years prior to European intervention, and have a history of their own. ... The stories of contact between the inhabitants and the Europeans told only of European perspectives, omitting th...
The bonds of commerce within Europe tightened, and the?... Developments in 19th-century Europe are bounded by two great events. ... much of modern Europe was defined. Europe during this 125-year span was both united and deeply divided. ... Some referred to this process as'the Americanization of Europe??. ...
