In 1938, Hans Speman proposed cloning a mammal by transplanting an adult cell's nucleus into a fertilized egg. ... Using this process, nuclear DNA from the body cell of a donor frog was injected into the egg cell of a recipient frog whose nuclear genetic material was removed. The fused cells divided just like a normal fertilized egg and formed an embryo that was genetically identical to the donor frog. ... The key to this new procedure was to time the cell cycle of the mammary cell with that of the egg. ... The nucleus of the mammary cell was transferred into the recipient egg. ...

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These strands could be attached to other strands of DNA. Cohen had found a way to cross species boundaries, using cells of DNA called plasmids, and had also came up with a way of isolating and cloning genes. ... Boyer's enzyme would allow Cohen to introduce specific DNA segments to plasmids. ... The oldest of these techniques is called Recombinant DNA. ... Recombinant DNA techniques rely on biological vectors such as plasmids or viruses to carry foreign genes into cells. ...

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"Somatic cell nuclear transfer" refers to the process which the nucleus of a somatic cell of an existing organism is transferred into an oocyte from which the nucleus has been removed" (Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs 1). ... You take an egg and remove its nucleus, which contains the DNA/genes. Then you take the DNA from an adult cell and insert it into the egg, either by fusing the adult cell with the enucleated egg, or by a sophisticated nuclear transfer. You then stimulate the reconstructed egg electrically or chemically and try to make it start to divide and become an embryo. You t...

• Word Count: 1206
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

Scientists believed that once adult cells had differentiated to become skin or eye cells ( Kolata 612). ... "Since the 1970s scientists have been manipulating DNA to create new forms of life, and today it's a growing for-profit business (Gillis616)." ... The procedure called germ-line therapy would allow doctors to alter the genes in any egg or sperm or an embryo that is just days old. ... Someday scientists may be able to introduce DNA hybrid cells into a needy body, where if persuaded to perform as required they could make healthy heart tissue, or even grow new limbs for amputees (...

• Word Count: 1748
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

The eggs a sperm are mixed in a lab and then transferred to fallopian tubes before fertilization. ... The egg and sperm must both come from the couple who are having the child otherwise it is considered adultery. ... It involves the production and use of recombinant DNA and has been employed to create bacteria that synthesize insulin and other human proteins" . ... Most genetic research involves gene therapy to change the cells. Recently cloning has been used to grow healthy cells to replace/ cure diseased ones. ...

• Word Count: 1728
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• Grade Level: High School

Genetically modified foods are foods composed of organisms in which the genetic material has a modified DNA to achieve a desired trait. To enhance a desired trait in an organism genetic engineering is a set of technologies used to alter the genetic makeup of cells, using the transferring of genes. ... The new DNA is just used to express a specific characteristic or trait if it is a known food allergen then it must be tested for safety. ... DNA makes up all living things, and all DNA is composed of the four building blocks. Scientists are not introducing any foreign" substances by moving one pi...

• Word Count: 2164
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The DNA string can be manipulated in such a way as to give plants or animals characteristics not common to that particular species. ... Frogs were successfully cloned as early as 1953(Dixon, P., 2000) and identical twins have been made in the lab by mechanically splitting a fertilized egg, although these eggs were never allowed to grow and develop. ... There is the forced splitting of a fertilized egg as mentioned above, and the more talked about and controversial method of nuclear transfer. ... Stem cell cloning is the growing of specific cells in the lab such as liver or spinal ti...

• Word Count: 3124
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School