... Violence The issue of gun control and violence, both in Canada and the United States, is one that simply will not go away. If history is to be any guide, no matter what the resolution to the gun control debate is, it is probable that the arguments pro and con will be much the same as they always have been. In 1977, legislation ... no dramatic results, "and few suggestions of perceptible effects of the 1977 Canadian gun control legislation". The only positive effect , Mundt, found in the study was the decrease in the use of firearms in robbery with comparion to trends in the United State...

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... or women. The most significant study conducted to evaluate the evidence of the "innocent executed" is the Bedau-Radelet Study (Miscarriages of Justice in Potentially Capital Cases, 40, 1 Stanford Law Review, 11/87). The study concluded that 23 innocent persons had been executed since 1900. However, the study's methodology was so flawed that at least 12 of those cases had no ... evidence of innocence and substantial evidence of guilt. Bedau & Radelet, both opponents, "consistently presented incomplete and misleading accounts of the evidence." (Markman, Stephen J. & Cassell, Paul G., "Prot...

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... Winters, 1997). Kant's law of equal retribution is not a way to guide the punishment of criminals. People would find it morally revolting to "torture torturers, rape rapists, or terrorize terrorists- (Williams, 2000). The government should not sink to the level of the criminal. That is why the government imprisons the ... committing horrible crimes. They say that we need the death penalty to show it can discourage people from committing murder. For some politicians claim this is a good reason for the death penalty (Williams, 2000). A study by the Times found that homicide rates had increa...

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... of this violence on their life. The Women's Safety Survey has helped develop national estimates on the nature and extent of sexual violence experienced by women in both the previous 12-month period and also from the age of 15 (ABS 1996b). The survey, however, only measured responses from women aged 18 and over, and so a large number of sexual assault ... in the 11-13 age range. A further 42 per cent had been sexually assaulted between the ages of 14 and 25 (CDHSH 1994, p. 38). The study also found that those who had been victimised were more likely to enter into prostitution, attempt su...

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... and causes that are not easily identified. Violence at school often involves the use of weapons. Traditionally, weapons prohibited on school grounds referred to firearms and explosives, but recently, many states have widened these guidelines. For example, in Kansas, weapons include firearms, explosive devices, bludgeons, ... property during the 30 days antedating the survey (Eaton, 2008).The rate was three times higher among males than among females. In the 12 months antedating the survey, 7.8% of high school students reported having been threatened or injured with a weapon on school pr...

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ATL 130 04/12/2001 Capital Punishment: The Abolitionist View "Historically, the death penalty always has been with us in some fashion. In ancient times, it was ... penalty in 1976 have not had higher homicide rates than the states with capital punishment in place. In fact, FBI data shows that 10 of the 12 states without capital punishment have homicide rates below the national average while half of the states with the death penalty have homicide rates above the national average. ... each state reveals that during the last two decades, the homicide rate in states with the death penalty has been...

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... for which corporations may be held responsible, though a corporation cannot be imprisoned. The most controversial issue in regard to the study of corporate crime revolves around the question of whether corporate crime is "really crime." Corporate officials, politicians, and many criminologists object to the criminological study of corporate criminality on the strictest sense of the word. The conventional and strictly legal definition of crime ... criminal activity. The American Bar Association conducted a survey in 1987: of 300 corporations and government agencies, 72 claimed to have be...

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... the average as a means of measuring the intellectual and mediocrity of the population. Galton wanted to understand the workings of human hereditary processes to see if he could tamper with them to increase the good traits over the bad. With the information gathered from both subjects Lombroso began a study of his own. Lombroso began studying the bodies of renowned criminals unlike the studies conducted ... minds and bodies of people. These differences offered reasons for committing crimes which are important factors. The factors addressed the need to have crimes fit the specific individ...

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... couldn't instantly produce a registered firearm, then they would be shot right where they stood (Kopel 1). Florida State University criminologist Gary Kleck even conducted a study on the effects of gun registration on crime rates in 75 different cities. His findings: Gun registration doesn't decrease crime. It actually has no effect on ... A Pew Research Center Survey recently showed that 56% of Americans believe that the firearm crime rate is higher than 20 years ago, and only 12% think that it is lower (Cohn 1). Those who oppose firearms center their arguments on the belief that as long...

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... First, in 1984 almost 46% of those arrested for violent crimes were Black, while Blacks constitute only about 12% of the national population on the whole. 5 Overall, Blacks are twice as likely to be arrested when compared to whites.6 This data could be construed to mean simply that Blacks commit more crimes than whites. Although this may be true, "the argument that police behavior ... , and seek more stringent penalties in cases involving minority defendants than in cases involving nonminority defendants."8 This discrimination becomes even more evident, and disturbing, when examining the...

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... go. The facilities that the juvenile offenders are kept in have been reported for their unhealthy conditions and lack of privacy. Kristin Choo says: Juveniles reportedly as young as 12 were being held in a rundown, vermin-infested jail, in crowded, airless cells that were sweltering in the summer and freezing in winter. They were chronically hungry, fed ... family can also play a critical role in minority overrepresentation. Past research has shown that the composition of impoverished people in America disproportionately weighs towards minority citizens. An overrepresentation study in G...

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... has a high rate of crime as evident by FBI crime statistics which show that it was the most violent state from 1981 to 1992, but to assert that this alone accounts for Texas' 269 executions is not supported by the numbers. The number of executions is not consistent ... (Marquart 58). The reason for this small percentage was because a black man who was convicted of raping a white woman was not sentenced to jail, rather to death in most cases. Marquart agrees: "Nationwide, the vast majority of executions for rape occurred in former Confederate states and the vast majority ... a convict t...

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... abuse, and suicide "clear evidence that California is now the land of failed dreams and broken promises- ( Rawls 12). Many feel the only way to curb ones activity is to insist by the three strikes law. However, the fact that this law, and others which followed up on specifying how ... of this law, it cost the county $64. In the second year, the costs jumped to more than $100 million. Of course, one needs to check to see that money had any effect. A study released in 1999, tended to prove that the three strikes sentencing law "has had no measurable effect on reducing violence."" ( ... br...

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... military drilling and regimen with intensive therapeutic services and transitional support (Newcom, 1). Youths participate in the program on a voluntary basis and must go through a thorough interview and assessment process to ensure they are intellectually, physically, and mentally capable of completing the program (Newcom, 1). Participation in the program is a minimum of eight months. The goals and treatment plans are ... phases, the About Face Program has become one of the largest jail based therapeutic communities in the country (Kennedy, 78). The About Face Program consists of three ...

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... Juvenile Probation .10-11 VII. Juvenile Institutions ."..11 VIII. Statistics ..12 IX. Conclusion ..13 X. Work Cited .14 Introduction Juvenile Justice can have two possible meanings. One, it can be referred to as the standard way meaning a justice system pertaining to juveniles and the other, a tad sarcastic, the so-called justice, applies to juveniles that might be seen as childish but juveniles in the ... the need is demonstrated, from using an advisory jury- (Basharov, 1974, p. 287). By 1820, the conditional release of youthful offenders to the supervision of their masters or parents ...

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... of executions) commented on the unfair application of capital punishment in the United States in 1994 saying, "I feel morally and intellectually obliged simply to concede that the death penalty experiment has failed The death penalty remains fraught with arbitrariness, discrimination, caprice, and mistake From this date forward, ... had higher homicide rates than the states with capital punishment in place. In fact, FBI data shows that 10 of the 12 states without capital punishment have homicide rates below the national average while half of the states with the death penalty have homicide...

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... of executions) commented on the unfair application of capital punishment in the United States in 1994 saying, "I feel morally and intellectually obliged simply to concede that the death penalty experiment has failed The death penalty remains fraught with arbitrariness, discrimination, caprice, and mistake From this date forward, ... had higher homicide rates than the states with capital punishment in place. In fact, FBI data shows that 10 of the 12 states without capital punishment have homicide rates below the national average while half of the states with the death penalty have homicide...

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... their crimes were committed at seventeen, sixty-three percent are minorities, and have been on death row from a few months to more than twenty-one years. Lewis conducted a study of fourteen of the thirty-seven offenders on death row in the US and 100% of the juveniles had head injuries in ... the future. She argues that offenders are not significantly younger than in previous years. Many citizens refute this position as Fuentes shows by her study in which only 23% of participants had positive comments about today's juveniles. The main position taken for punitive sentencing was the fact th...

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I. INTRODUCTION During the past century, the english-speaking legal world has experienced real and considerable change in the areas of criminal law and criminal sentencing procedures. These ... which treats of crimes and their punishments." These straightforward definitions of crime, criminals, and criminal law; however, one must not be mislead one to believe that the science and study of criminal law is simplistic in nature. Academics, legal practitioners, and even Judges often disagree on many aspects of criminal law, including the ... for balance when imposing a sentence that is based on o...

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... and 8 of other races. There were 283 Hispanic prisoners(http://www.ojp. usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/press/cp97.pr). Also a 1985 University of North Carolina study by economist Stephen K. Layson states that, every execution of a murderer deters, on average, 18 murders(http://www.rit.edu/~wwl2461/cp.html). This proves ... the necessary appeals process. Perhaps the most frequently cited rationale for the death penalty is that it deters others from committing crime. Study after study has shown this not to be true, but it is a concept that many people, including some high in the legal hierarchy, still...

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... make them aggressive or extremely extrovert, criminal behaviour is not an inevitable progression from that. An altogether different approach to the study of criminal behaviour is the use of Psychoanalytic Theory, based on the work of Sigmund Freud. Freud's most well known contribution to modern psychology was the significance he placed with the unconscious and it's influence on behaviour. He suggested the unconscious ... primary carers causes antisocial behaviour in juvenile delinquents (1979). He found that of 14 children identified as affectionless psychopaths, 12 had undergone long p...

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... were black males, and, that they make up 42.9% of people on death row. To help support this information I continued my search. To help support the fact that the death penalty is in fact racists, I found information on the website www.thegully.com that stated African Americans are 12 percent of the U.S. population, but are 43 percent of prisoners on death row. ... evidence during trial Determination of guilt Social, marital, and financial statuses Those members of lower classes a looked upon as disposable members of the community. Race of defendants who are sentenced to death. Statement ...

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... row right now? Recent studies and new evidence suggest that some death row inmates awaiting execution may have been wrongly convicted. A twenty-three year study conducted by Columbia University Law Professor James S. Liebman states that "American capital sentences are so persistently and systematically fraught with error" (Liebman et ... investigative funds. Michael Mello, a renowned capital punishment defense attorney in Florida from 1981-1995, has said "there is today a desperate (albeit difficult to quantify) shortage of competent capital post-conviction defense lawyers" (Mello 4). Th...

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... show that there is nothing to be gained from reducing the general level of gun ownership. (3) A thorough review of 18 studies of the effects of gun availability among potential victims and criminals found that the overall effect on criminal violence was zero. (4) In one study, researchers found no significant ... than half of all violent crimes are reported to the police, however. The National Crime Survey (NCS) estimates that there are about 5.4 million violent crimes (both reported and unreported) and that guns of all types are involved in some 650,000 or 12 percent. (10) In other word...

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... away from the community, but at the same time we must make certain that the not guilty people are never convicted or sentenced to death for an offense that they did not commit. Perhaps the most frequent argument for capital punishment is that of deterrence. Although imprisonment ... punishment see the death penalty as a human rights issue involving the proper limits of governmental power. In contrast, those who want governments to continue to execute tend to regard capital punishment as an issue of criminal justice policy. Because of these alternative viewpoints, there is a profound diff...

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