... used that the prevalence of black delinquency exceeded the white delinquency by only 5%. Recent self-reports have found that there is little if any evidence of racial disparity (Hensley et al., 1999, p.1). Hensley et al., (1999) has an explanation why blacks get involved with delinquency. They argue two theories, subculture theory of violence and the self-control theory. Most theories that have ... black-white differentials in juvenile crime tend to focus on economic deprivation, subculture adaptations, self-esteem, intelligence, family structure, and the legacy of racism and discriminati...

• Word Count: 3369
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: High School

... Loeber, 1986). Whatever way crime is measured, whether through self-reporting or through being officially recorded offending, offenders are generally less intelligent, on average, than non-offenders (Blumstein, et al 1986). However, this evidence has been questioned. Some psychologists suggest that having a low intelligence quotient (IQ) immediately make the risk of association in crime greater, since it reduces ... unemployment. One major longitudinal study has also discovered signs that individuals who are already inclined to being involved in crime, offend more often when finding thems...

• Word Count: 3709
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of the juvenile justice process (official referral, pre-adjudicatory detention, adjudication, and disposition) minority youths are overrepresented relative to their proportion of the youthful population (Dunn et. al, 1993). The researchers stated that in decisions leading to confinement more than 55% of all juveniles detained prior to adjudication were minorities and 60% of all ... of cultural understanding among juvenile justice system staff, and perceived barriers to parental advocacy because of minority parents" often limited understanding of the system all explain overrepresentation ...

• Word Count: 8199
• Approx Pages: 33
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... common and school administrators frequently transferred responsibilities of student discipline to law enforcement, people began to question if such harsh policies were necessary means of violence prevention (Fine et al., 2003). By 1997, 3.1 million students were suspended annually as a result of zero tolerance policies; and in 1998, 87,000 students were expelled under the ... delinquent behavior and additional suspensions. This contradicts the first assumption of deterrence, demonstrating that harsh punishment is not an effective means of preventing re-offense (Skiba et al., 2006). Addit...

• Word Count: 4044
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... critique of Merton's anomie theory is that it does not consider illegitimate opportunity. In some situations, there is a relative availability of illegal alternatives to various potential criminals (Cloward et. al. 1960, p. 6). Merton's anomie theory does not take into consideration that illegitimate opportunities may be more available in certain areas. Take for instance an urban area engulfed with drugs ... to conventional means is differentially distributed, that some individuals, because of their social class, enjoy certain advantages that are denied to those elsewhere in the class st...

• Word Count: 3988
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Greek physician Hippocrates, who designed a group of typologies and physiques and tried to correlate them with character traits. This work was continued by Sheldon and Stevens (1942) and Sheldon et al (1949) who identified three basic body types; endomorphs, who are fat and soft; ectomorphs, who are thin and fragile and mesomorphs, who are muscular and hard. They suggested ... fact, "sensation seekers" have a more active central nervous system, being more aroused than most people and more arousable. Another possible problem with the theory is that psychologists (McGurk et al, 1981) have...

• Word Count: 2818
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the boot camps, juveniles are found to have positive changes and become less antisocial. Juveniles also appear to perceive their environment more positively than before their boot camp experience (MacKenzie, et al 7). This is not saying that every juvenile to experience a boot camp program will benefit, however just the fact that the boot camp is there and available proves that reformers are ... . However, people who work at the boot camps along with the youth who participate in them have claimed that the camp environment is "conducive to positive growth and changes" (MacKenzie, et al 1)...

• Word Count: 2903
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... if an individual is unable to comprehend the difference between right and wrong without proper supervision, he/she is most likely to turn out to be a criminal. According to Siegel et al (2008) "Individuals will commit crimes when they believe their actions will go undetected by guardians such as police, security guards, neighbours, teachers, or homeowners. They choose what they consider ... ...

• Word Count: 2830
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography

... the work ethic, which lowers moral values. This perspective has had a great influence on policymaking and has led to what some see as a "negative preoccupation with retribution and punishment" (Taylor P, et al 2000, pg 488) Another reason for crime is due to collapse of sense of community. The solution they say is target handling for example, property marking, security devices and more ... ...

• Word Count: 2617
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... have been reported with adults as both perpetrators and victims. The syndrome is well known to veterinarians. In such cases, a pet's owner fabricates signs and symptoms in the animal (Sigal et al., 1989). MSBP is not uncommon; however its prevalence has not been established. Rosenberg (1987) considered 117 cases in a review. Schreier and Libow (1993) postulated that this syndrome is more common ... ...

• Word Count: 2722
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate