Most histories are concerned with causality, that is, why certain outcomes happened as they did, and how they are linked to earlier events. 1 Origins of Historical Writing In preliterate societies, the accounts of the past are related orally, and many cultures have produced intricate and sophisticated oral histories. ... Men such as Petrarch, Lorenzo Valla, Marsilius of Padua, and Juan Luis Vives did much to produce a more critical attitude toward the past. ... In France, modern academic history began with Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges. ... Macaulay in England, and Jules Michelet i...

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These theories have a devastating impact that effects the African American and Black South African population. ... This research will specify how the theories cluster and remarkable aspects about these theories. ... The third part of this review will discuss beliefs of conspiracy theories about HIV/AIDS among African Americans, how/why such accusations exists, the impact that it holds, and prevalence of the disease. ... According to the freedom domain website, in the 18th century, Masons, who later converted to Illuminati, sole purpose was to secretly create a one world government by plotting...

• Word Count: 9660
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

Asked by a reporter in Strasbourg, France, whether he subscribed, as his predecessors had, "to the school of American exceptionalism that sees America as uniquely qualified to lead the world," the president began by observing: "I believe in American exceptionalism, just as I suspect that the Brits believe in British exceptionalism and the Greeks believe in Greek exceptionalism.... Therefore I decided to look at the early years of the Cold War and to see where the change in attitude had come from, and how both Truman and Eisenhower's government used American exceptionalism t...

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