... his death. Even before the end of Charlemagne's reign the empire had stopped expanding. Despite its claim as the successor to the Western Roman Empire, Charlemagne's realm lacked many of the important institutions that had allowed the old Roman Empire to survive the emperor's death. Institutions such as a money economy, a strong governmental infrastructure, and a professional civil service were needed to keep the empire from disintegrating. Instead, ... the rise of the feudal system. Society in much of medieval Europe was organized into a "feudal" system, which was based on the allocati...

• Word Count: 3804
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... find was actually an ensemble comprised of Dutch civil servants as opposed to Indonesians. The date was 5/5/1857 and a group of civil servant trainees from Delft, on their way to the East Indies, performed a "garebeg" for family and friends during their procession on their way out of town ... to gamelan, it is important to note the influence that Asian music had on him. America, of all the western countries, had unknowingly become the most eager participant in the development of gamelan outside of Indonesia thanks to pioneering composers and the newly formed field of ... the gamelan ense...

• Word Count: 2643
• Approx Pages: 11

... make sure Germany was prepared for the struggle, and avenge the humiliation of the Great War. That would eliminate not only France's hegemonial position in Europe, but also the threat to Germany's back during its eastern expansion. During the third, and final phase, the great climactic war with Russia would take place. This war would decide the future of the German people, as they desperately needed greater ... living space to further increase the purity of their race. Hitler thought the war would be easy, perhaps an explanation for ... that Hitler was nothing more than an opportunist co...

• Word Count: 8102
• Approx Pages: 32
• Grade Level: High School

... to govern w/out parliament. Parliament strengthened the control over the collection and expenditure of public funds. Future monarchs were unable to conduct a country's business w/out seeking from the house of commons. Advocates of the civil liberties now guaranteed w/in the bill of rights and for defenders of the Protestant cause. The revolution consolidated the position of large property holders, magnates ... abandon it altogether when farm work was available during the planting and harvesting seasons. 7years- also known as the French and Indian War (1756-1763) Reflects the overlapping...

• Word Count: 2695
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: High School

... to massive military failure and had left his country in economic ruin. Because of the lost wars such as the War of the League of Augsburg and the Seven Years War with England, France had a war debt of half its annual budget. The heir of Louis XIV, Louis XV, was somewhat capable at ruling, yet he ... was drafted and accepted in 1215 and was meant to protect certain general civil and inalienable rights of the people of England. The Magna Carta was a feudal document that was intended to limit the power of the king. The king of England at the time the Magna Carta was introduced and who signe...

• Word Count: 4395
• Approx Pages: 18
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and cultural agreements. It took some time for that Grundgesetz to win support among its West German population, the people of the Federal Republic of Germany. But growing economic success, even affluence (compared to expectations in 1945) generated significant diffuse support (as ... a constitution can become detached from their creators as well as from the circumstances of their creation: "They really matter!" For the sake of brevity at this point and with regard to the experiences during the last 215 years of the American history and the last 12 years in (central-)Eastern European Cou...

• Word Count: 5120
• Approx Pages: 20
• Grade Level: High School

... for which sailors would exchange for slaves the most popular and important commodities were weapons and gun powder followed by textiles, pearls and other manufactured goods. This exchange could vary in its time frame. The second step and the one that cost the lives of so many African slaves were the crossing of the Atlantic or 'the middle passage'. Africans were transported to ... and chocolate. This early consumerist market is a clear foundation of the capitalist modernity we are aware of today, as the increased availability of such foreign goods attracted more people to participat...

• Word Count: 2679
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... out why this is true, it is important to understand when Pacifism began. The earliest objectors of war "arose among early Christians who lived in the Roman Empire during the first few centuries BC, long after war that had been around for around since the beginning of mankind. This group also was the first to develop the ideas of antimilitarism, which included refusal to serve ... others items that are needed by all citizens that are non-war related.), refuse to keep war profits, support strikes against the war, refuse to demonstrate with fascists people, and don't criticize the governme...

• Word Count: 3064
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... 1935 and had their businesses and stockholdings seized in 1938. Civil servants, newspaper editors, soldiers and members of the judiciary were dismissed from their positions, while lawyers and physicians were forbidden to practice. Anti-Jewish violence peaked on 9 November 1938, known as the "Night of the Broken Glass" or Kristallnacht, when over 1000 synagogues were burned ... decisions made? Scholars and politicians have attributed U.S. policy to discrepancies between early reports, the incredibility of the horror stories, the desire not to antagonize the Germans into escalating the le...

• Word Count: 4346
• Approx Pages: 17
• Grade Level: High School

... States (Sheldon, 1997). Early gangs divided themselves primarily among ethnic, racial, and cultural lines and were friendship groups who were committed to protecting themselves and their neighborhoods. During the 1920's gangs evolved to form major crime organizations. There was an estimated 1,313 gangs in Chicago and more than twenty-five thousand members. Gang wars erupted as each group wanted ... gangs and often would carry weapons for them since they were generally less likely to be searched by police officers. The national focus in the 60's was on the Vietnam War, civil rights, and ...

• Word Count: 4105
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School