... where learned men could meet up to impart their premiums in established letters and style. It was in this environment at Avignon that Petrarch (1304 "1374), the father of Italian humanism, initially looked into and advanced established learning. Anyway it was in Florence, especially among the patrician class, that Petrarch's formality was most emphatically gotten, most quite through his ... the accompanying era, the Florentine chancellor Colucio Salutati (1331 "1406) helped transform traditional style from an abstract development into a capable device for molding governmental issues and s...

• Word Count: 2501
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... sight-seeing, we stopped at a nearby restaurant at about 7.30pm and enjoyed eating lovely flavorsome Italian cuisine. Everyone around us spoke in Italian and most could speak a good smattering of high-school English. Since we were carrying an Italian-English' translation dictionary and some of the words in Italian are similar to French and English words, we did not find it that hard to ... ...

• Word Count: 2516
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: High School

... and dispersing the rest. This left Rome completely uncovered, but Hannibal did not march on the capital. Many historians attribute this to Hannibal's remaining hope that he could get the Italian allies of Rome to defect and cause civil war, thus ensuring his eventual hold on the region. A secondary reason is that the Carthaginian troops were just too worn to undertake ... would never have succeeded in raising the support he felt was needed to overthrow Rome. Hannibal's plan in invading Italy had been based on the hope that Rome's Latin and Italian allies would join him - but not a singl...

• Word Count: 2715
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... whatever he wanted. To be more specific, Rodrigo bribed the conclave; the group of Cardinals that vote for the who will become the next Pope, with four Mule loads of silver, as mentioned on page fifteen of the introduction of Johann Burchards diary. Additionally, Johann Burchard, the Conclave's Master of Ceremonies and was a leading figure under Pope Alexander VI's reign, furthers ... Papacy. When Pope Alexander was trying to get elected to the Papacy, he bought out two thirds of the cardinals in the Conclave by offering them four mule loads of silver and told them to vote for him as Po...

• Word Count: 2887
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , and could be very useful to the Carthagians who were the traditional enemy of all things Greek. But the Mamertines were of Italian origin other hand, and Rome now stood as the very aware and efficient protector of all things Italian. And so The Mamertines offered themselves and their Sicilian city to the Romans. Giving the Romans a huge opportunity to grow and ... ...

• Word Count: 2984
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: High School

... and bronze shields were stolen, and either melted down, sold, or kept. In 1803, when an earthquake hit Rome, the Colosseum was slightly damaged, and so for good safety the Italian government decided to shore it up, and put the massive concrete reinforcements we now see on the sides where the walls started to collapse. In 1980, UNESCO designated the Colosseum ... ...

• Word Count: 3180
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography

... important medieval encyclopedia Speculum Majus was the work of a Dominican, Vincent of Beauvais. Other Dominicans were the German mystics Meister Eckhart, Johannes Tauler, and Heinrich Suso, as well as the Italian preacher and religious reformer Savonarola. In the later Middle Ages the order was equalled in influence only by the Franciscans, the two orders sharing much power in the Church and ... ...

• Word Count: 2701
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... his job was to amuse the people of Rome. Caesar outdid anyone in history by hiring no fewer than 640 gladiators for just one performance and he armored them in silver. His debts grew even larger but he never kept accounts of the money he owed. Caesar became populare's party leader. Then Caesar married off one of his sisters to a rich ... ...

• Word Count: 3515
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• Grade Level: High School

... impose laws on his own people. And build walled cities for them; the third summer Shall see him rule in Latium, the third winter Of warfare see the Rutulians [an Italian tribe] subdued. But his son Ascanius... It is he who shall consolidate your power-For thirty years with all their turning months; Then shall he move his capital from Lavinium ... ...

• Word Count: 4232
• Approx Pages: 17
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... to its end. Every civilization relies on a good economy for it to survive. When Rome was at its most prosperous it had a successful economy with coinage made out of pure silver that filled all of the city treasuries. However, through time and hardships of the Empire the economy suffered severely helping to push Rome to its collapse. To deal with the ... ...

• Word Count: 2601
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• Grade Level: High School

... start. Bibulus already started by planning to have the consuls after their term in office not going to a province but to check on the roads trails and tracks in the Italian countryside . This was an old task for the consuls but one that was very much outdated and clearly Bibulus was trying to prevent Caesar from getting a province at he end ... ...

• Word Count: 4359
• Approx Pages: 17
• Has Bibliography