... a major part of the urban cultural landscape here in America since at least the 1830s. This information I acquired when in English class reading Charles Dickens, and his description of Fagin's pack of young boys roaming the streets of London in Oliver Twist. This then carried over ... to the second coming of the English migration and these groups settled in New York. In the late twentieth century United States, gangs have taken on a different character and have moved into areas unimagined by Dickens. Most significantly, they are spreading from inner cities to ... without gangs (Trump, 1...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate