A positive Police K-9 alert after a drug sniff of a particular object should not be considered probable cause for a full search to be conducted. The answer to this question has been argued using many different complex methods. Therefore, a few definitions and some past court findings must be presented. Probable cause has been defined by the U.S. Supreme Court as "the belief by a reasonable and prudent officer ... that a crime has been committed or is about to be committed (some evidence should be presented to articulate this belief)," (United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798). In ... doing this....

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• Grade Level: High School

... the powers and influence of a president are enormous, certainly exceeding those of a British Prime Minister. The constitution itself deals largely in generalities, stating for example that the executive power shall be vested in the President. (Griffith, 1983, P65) However, in reality, it is a much more complicated picture, and since various reforms during the 1970's, The argument that the President ... holding the President to account. Contemporary trade legislation gives Congress a direct role in the negotiation process. Also, although the President has the power to make treaties, such ...

• Word Count: 2206
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Hackney never mentioned the importance of free speech on a college campus. Rather, he chose to observe that " 'open expression' and 'diversity' needed to be balanced." (Shapiro/Sparks 25) The University of Wisconsin at Parkside suspended one student for addressing another as "Shaka Zulu"; yet the university's Madison campus held ... and more. This raises the question, is this a good thing? It is the opinion of many that speech codes on college campuses should be abolished because they violate the first amendment of the constitution, are extremely vague and ambiguous and they diminish the...

• Word Count: 1283
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• Grade Level: High School

... musicians based on their lyrical content. Censorship includes the placement of warning labels on musical cases and radio edits, in an attempt to protect children and young adults from violent lyrics. Many citizens feel that censorship is advantageous because, these musicians in question advocate attitudes and behaviors that are socially viewed as objectionable, and inappropriate. Moral institutions and authorities have designated ... , and have made attempts to aggress recording artists and companies. Many people, who would like to expurgate creative expression, are simply frightened of ...

• Word Count: 1335
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... him or herself and follow their own path in life, according to the First Amendment of our Constitution, whether they promote negativity in the lyrics they produce or not. Music carries a huge impact on America's society, as its popularity steadily increases year-by-year. From the entertaining jazz ... positive and negative aspects of the music spectrum, and the artist controls the factor of how they express their thoughts and feelings within their lyrics. Nevertheless, music inspires everybody no matter what genre it is, or what mood the person is in. The citizens of the U.S. and ... hi...

• Word Count: 1325
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• Grade Level: High School

... brothers and sisters who struggle against the Zionists and against those who help them with money and weapons. The treacherous Jews and Crusaders must go down. Jihad knows no boundaries and no limitations on its means." Through legal FBI wiretaps, it was found that Mr. Rahman ... with our brothers and sisters who struggle against Zionists and against those who help them with money and weapons. The treacherous Jews and Crusaders must go down. Jihad knows no boundaries," could potentially produce a downfall of the United States government. This speech by their nature, if acted ... with our...

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... what the nation was going to do and how they were going to do it. They decided that a federal government based on federalism would be the government for their new country. Federalism is a two level, or more government that specific powers are specified in the constitution for each level ... the election process, conduct most court trials, operate the public school systems, and to maintain most of the public services in America. # # Harrigan, John J. & Nice, David C. Politics and Policy in States and Communities. Eighth Edition. Pearson and Longman, 2004. # Keefe, William J. Parties, Poli...

• Word Count: 1484
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• Grade Level: High School

... my race?" Welcome to the life of a Japanese-American during World War II. Citizens that had done nothing wrong were being interned, a nice way of saying they were imprisoned. During World War II, it was wrong for the United States government to intern Japanese- Americans. The daily ... two agencies (Bondi 241). U.S. Lieutenant General John Dewitt and many others theorized that because no evidence was found against the Japanese, the Japanese must be saboteurs. Have you ever heard of such a ridiculous accusation? They actually believed that no evidence was found because the Japanese citize...

• Word Count: 1481
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• Grade Level: High School

... Hughes's famous 1951 poem "Harlem " by showing the deferred dreams of people like the main family in the play, dreams that should not be allowed to dry up. With the inequality of civil rights that African-Americans endured at that time, the Youngers are trapped between the pitfalls and ... tried to find the nicest place for the least amount of money for my family" (93). She describes her dream house that she bought as a "three bedrooms "nice big one for [Walter] and Ruth. Travis [will] have one of his own. And there's a yard where I could maybe get to grow me a few ... living in Clybour...

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... -marshaled, such as what happened with Michael New, a soldier who refused to wear a UN patch on his U.S. uniform and would not take orders from a foreign commander. It would be nice if more people were as patriotic and brave as Michael New was. Another hot topic with the militia groups are the incidents that took place at Ruby Ridge, Idaho with ... way of life onto those who refuse to participate. There only means of resistance is to "prepare" for the "end times" in which weapons and food will be the only means of survival. I must admit that the atrocities that took place at Waco and Ru...

• Word Count: 1328
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• Grade Level: High School

... the document because it was another possible area of division for the convention delegates. However, it is interesting to add that Alexander Hamilton defended judicial review; "One branch of government must safeguard the Constitution, and the courts are i! n the best position to do this (Walker/Epstein, 11)." The second debate which Adamany outlines is entitled judicial restraint. This debate is based ... . The final argument which Adamany discusses concerning judicial review is labeled as the role of the court debate. This argument focuses on what exactly should the role of the court be...

• Word Count: 2022
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... black cloth crow. If the House defeats a bill by an overwhelming margin the legislative sponsor is awarded the crow as a symbol of their legislative ineptness. The crow must be tied to the microphone until it can be passed to another unsuccessful legislator. The Idaho state legislature currently consists of a thirty-five member Senate and a seventy member House of Representatives. Voters in each district ... ...

• Word Count: 1848
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• Grade Level: High School

... Congress Article II for the Executive. Article III, the judiciary article of the Constitution, establishes the judicial power. The judicial power defines and limits the types of cases that may be brought before the federal courts. Supreme Court Procedures The Supreme Court is the only federal court established by the Constitution itself rather than by act of Congress. In the early ... at nine. The head justice is called the chief of the United States. The other justices are called associate justices. To achieve the position of Supreme Court justice, a qualified candidate must be nominat...

• Word Count: 1623
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... government in Chapter 9 of his autobiography, "I projected and drew a plan for the union of all the colonies under one government, so far as might be necessary for defense. Franklin explains that American colonists governed themselves many years before the revolution. While the Americans governed themselves, they sill lived as British subjects. ... between the government's three different branches promoted checks and balances when he wrote, "In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to con...

• Word Count: 1434
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... constantly borrowing new money, the annual interest carrying charges regularly rise as well. In 1993, with an expected $348 billion deficit, we will be paying $315 billion in interest just to carry the debt. The debt and deficit create a joint spiral, finally leading to fiscal oblivion." (p. ... billion is spent on a mysterious other service, which the government routinely abuses to hide their irresponsibility. A lot of cost in this department alone cannot be justified. M. Gross in another example shows government abuse with the social security system (1992) "It's been going on for some...

• Word Count: 1604
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... ; "American valor has easily triumphed on both sea and land and the American flag floats over newly acquired territory, never to be lowered again" (Miller 22). Even when the fighting began to become viscous and racially charged, many perceptions were still clouded over by media accounts. ... "The struggle must continue until the misguided creatures there shall have had their eyes bathed in enough blood to cause their visions to be cleared" (Vaughan 309) as The Salt Lake City Tribune reported. This resistance to colonization ... and awaiting the fructifying application of capital and org...

• Word Count: 1350
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... . The plaintiffs in this case, involved four legally married same-sex couples with children who argued that both of the parents' names should be listed on the children's birth certificates. The premiere adoption agency, Adoption S.T.A.R., also sued the state of Ohio over laws requiring the adoption ... Local Governments" textbook as: "Enacted in 1868, this amendment contains citizenship rights, due process, and equal protection provisions that states must apply to all citizens (34)." The Justices with the majority opinion, headed by Justice Anthony Kennedy, believed that refusing marria...

• Word Count: 1936
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . One of the earliest examples of a shift was in the Supreme Court's Gibbons v. Ogden decision, which ruled in 1824 that Congress's right to regulate commerce under the Commerce Clause could be "exercised to its utmost extent, and acknowledges no limitations, other than those prescribed in the constitution..." The Court did not expand the powers of the national government much over the ... interlocking arrangements provide influence on central decisions by sub-unit bodies. Sub-units may therefore check central authorities and prevent undue action contrary to the will of minorities: "A gr...

• Word Count: 2255
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a significant number run for other offices, thereby stimulating political competition at other levels. There is also evidence to suggest that campaigns may be less costly in a term-limited electoral environment. Under term limits, California's state campaign spending since 1992 is 44 percent lower than from ... who need it. The recipients then become loyal supporters of whatever the leader wants in the future. To reduce lobbyist influence, there must be competition. Term limits improve the quality of legislation. The continual refreshment of fresh blood into state legislatures is improvi...

• Word Count: 1797
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... budgets. In the role of chief of state, the president acts as a ceremonial head of the federal government. This is an extremely important role, for in this capacity, the president must greet distinguished visitors, bestow medals, and host state dinners. The impression he gives others while performing these duties can help him gain support, lift his reputation, and help towards reelection ... that of their husband. The media has commanded a huge government information network, covering political conventions, following candidates all the way to the White House, and readily agrees to let t...

• Word Count: 1641
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... in education, property, voting, and other matters. This declaration used the Declaration as it's model and it said, "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal- In the 1850's several national women rights conventions to place. Women were fighting for change ... . Equal Rights Amendment is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution. It states that law must treat men and women equally. The amendment reads: "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex." The amendment, ...

• Word Count: 1880
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• Grade Level: High School

... provide the necessary equipment. He was one of the many who tried to give General Braddock a timely warning. He said, above all, the British must avoid a surprise attack by the French and Indians. Braddock ignored his warning. As a result, the French and Indians ambushed the British. Meanwhile, ... establish the Franklin Technical Institute, a trade school in Boston, and the Franklin Institute (a scientific museum in Philadelphia). Franklin's name would most certainly be on any list of the half- dozen greatest Americans. His face has appeared on postage stamps, coins, and paper money of t...

• Word Count: 1625
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... of budget cuts for military spending . This shows that in order to remain in a global leadership position, America must spend more money of its military, if it wants to be able to compete and gain global victory over the rest of the world. In short, globalization leads to a ... have done to turn their backs on globalization and make a positive difference for their communities, as well as for themselves. Lappe's article can be compared directly with Locke's, and also with the defense report. For example, while Locke argues that America's culture is best because it's reason ... America's...

• Word Count: 1553
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... ruled that the protections of the 1st Amendment apply against actions by state governments. In 1964, the Court held in Wesberry v. Sanders that states must draw congressional districts of nearly equal proportions. In 1972, in Furman v. Georgia, the Court ruled that all existing death penalty laws violate the ... either have or not have the death penalty for convicted murderers. The states have important regulatory functions. They lay down numerous rules that must be observed by businesses and trade unions. They have a lot of power over taxes within each state and along with their local go...

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... point. They believed that the amendment would then give every citizen the right to bear arms. Some citizens said that individuals should be trained to be part of a militia, however others believed that they should follow European's way of government regarding only professional or a military official being ... the court when citizens tried to pass a new gun control law. Judges of the United States conclude with the bearing arms law must be under area and meaning of night in individual state constitutional law. (Cornell, 141-144) Abolitionists had been divided during the 19th century ... ...

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