... campaigns; genocide or ethnic cleansing; torturing captured enemy soldiers; and using weapons whose effects cannot be controlled, like chemical or biological agents. Jus post bellum refers to justice during the third and final stage of war: that of war termination. It seeks to regulate the ending of wars, ... Right intention. A state must intend to carry out the process of war termination only in terms of those principles contained in the other jus post bellum rules. Revenge is strictly ruled out as an animating force. Moreover, the just state in question must commit itself to symmetry...

• Word Count: 7503
• Approx Pages: 30
• Has Bibliography

... a nuclear capability, the Pugwash Doctrine was formulated by Bertrand Russell, to make axiomatic, the assumption of 'mutually-assured destruction'. Based on this assumption, the industrialised nations were to shift towards a 'post-industrial society', supposedly to reduce the hazards of war, but specifically to stop the flow of technology to the Third World, in order to prevent any economic development. The capitalist ... oil ventures profitable. British intelligence also fostered and directed the international drug traffic into the United States, in order to destroy the US population, to...

• Word Count: 3054
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... victims suffer from the Anxiety disorder throughout their lives. There are different kinds of disorders that raped victim may suffer. Major anxiety disorders are panic disorder; obsessive-compulsive disorder; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and social phobia. Each anxiety disorder has its own separate features, but they are all bound together by the common point of illogical fear and ... victims have more than one or two personalities that they might develop after rape. Symptoms of dissociative identify disorder are also seen in a number of other mental illnesses, including post-t...

• Word Count: 7108
• Approx Pages: 28
• Grade Level: High School

... "perilous times" showing a seemingly unified opinion between the two, and thereby a seemingly unified opinion between the two nations against the Soviet Union. The Saturday Evening Post suggested that the speech had contributed to "a new groundswell of opinion".23 This mindset carried through from one important speech to another. In April 1946 Truman delivered his ... transition. John Fousek believes the doctrine "tapped into the existing fusion of universalist and nationalist values that already shaped much public discourse concerning America's role in the post-war world It incorporate...

• Word Count: 4596
• Approx Pages: 18

... found in Carruthers' statement that, "the two superpowers, having emerged from their interwar isolationism, found it impossible to agree on the shape of the post-war world."" America and the Soviet Union disagreed on the principles and policies that should have been implemented at the time. America was on the ... side of free trade and liberalisation while the Soviet Union wanted to enforce communism. Carruthers says that, the post-war stalemate resulted in the division of Europe into two camps for the next forty-five years, and the temporary solution of the German Problem ... ' with the...

• Word Count: 2699
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography

... private military and security companies are transnational corporations legally registered which obtain contracts from governments, private firms, intergovernmental and non governmental organizations. In low intensity armed conflicts or post conflict situations such as Afghanistan and Iraq their employees, contracted as civilians but armed as military personnel, operate in "grey zones" as unlawful combatants without ... companies working for pecuniary gain3 are also being blurred. Private military and security companies often provide security and protection to humanitarian non government...

• Word Count: 9871
• Approx Pages: 39
• Grade Level: Graduate

... Harbor vs. USA Post-9/11 When the September 11th Tragedy occurred, the American people were devastated. Many sat in front of their television sets watching the horrifying images of the planes hitting the towers ... harassed, some were even beaten, and most of them were racially profiled by just about everyone that was not an Arab or Muslim. "One of the patterns emerging from the post 9-11 government policies is the use of race,religion,and ethnicity to target particular communities in the U.S. for arrest, detention and removal. This is well documented in Susan Akram's article ... look...

• Word Count: 2883
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... a rapidly-growing public demand for almost "instant" Web coverage of breaking national news stories has forced even the largest newspapers and magazines- like the Washington Post and Newsweek-to abandon the old rule." "Out with the old, in with the new." It is easy to think breaking stories online could dilute journalists ... States. That discovery is scaring the establishment press as much as Drudge's critical reports have scared the truth police at the White House. The Washington Post, CNN and other big news organizations have resorted to lawsuits to try to prevent the kinds of news li...

• Word Count: 4649
• Approx Pages: 19
• Grade Level: High School

... at the their convention in Chicago. d. For the first time the Republican platform totally abandoned its traditional opposition to involvement in foreign treaties and supported the United States participation in post war organizations. e. Dewey indirectly questioned Roosevelt's abilities to continue by referring to the "tired old man." f. The Republicans attacked Roosevelt of using a navy destroyer to retrieve ... longer had the strength in his forces to keep fighting Britain. D. M. Atlantic Charter (1941). The agreement between the US and Great Britain, which outlined their plan for the p...

• Word Count: 8316
• Approx Pages: 33
• Grade Level: High School

... think will be on the tests. It's not fair to our education. We should be learning for ourselves, not for others", is what a tenth grader said in The Huffington Post about standardized testing. Standardized testing is any form of testing where the students are tested on the same test questions in order to get proper data to analyze the student ... students to have procured the same abilities and learning makes implausible desires. This leaves many students with the sense of hopelessness and minor depression. Valerie Strauss posts in The Washington Post that, "struggling students who are ...

• Word Count: 2854
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: High School

... out Wilson's goals of achieving peace in Europe and presented the moral case for American involvement. The policy called for free trade, open agreements, democracy, and other idealistic ideals for a post-war Europe. At the end of the war, the failed "League of Nations " proposed by Woodrow Wilson during the Treaty of Versailles was the ultimate expression of his idealistic and ... States during the course of the war. After World War II, United States politicians, namely President Truman, navigated the road to rebuilding Europe using lessons they had learned from the post-World War I era...

• Word Count: 5653
• Approx Pages: 23
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... lowered government Slocum 4 revenues and soon eliminated existing surpluses. At the same time, the Democratic Party gained control of both the presidency and Congress for the first time in the post-Civil War era. Formal debates over the renewal of the income tax soon followed, and a flat tax of two percent on all income was approved (Witte 70-73). Although both ... ,000 35 31 23 18 $100,000 60 56 42 24 $500,000 75 71 45 25 $1,000,000 76 72 46 25 Overall, the tax rates reflected the nation's post-war growth and prosperity (Smiley and Keehn 285-88, "How the U.S. Income Tax System Grew", 21...

• Word Count: 2725
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... four Americans had the "option of voting Libertarian on November 3 -- far more than for any other 'alternative' party." (18:1) Best-selling author of Why Americans Hate Politics and Washington Post reporter A.J. Dionne noted "The resurgence of libertarianism was one of the most noted but most remarkable developments of recent years. During the 1970s and 1980s, antiwar, anti-authoritism, antigovernment and ... if the individual is not charged or acquitted of criminal charges. Surprisingly, once the property is seized the individual cannot get it back unless he is willing to file a claim,...

• Word Count: 7034
• Approx Pages: 28
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... in Gregg v. Georgia (1976) required judges and juries to use "guided discretion" when implementing capital sentences in an effort to combat arbitrariness, consequently reinstating the death penalty. Now, in the post-Furman death penalty era the question remains " does race matter in capital punishment cases, either the race of the victim or the defendant?" Based on and despite the efforts of ... Blacks were viewed as "childish" and "not fully capable of their actions". Whereas those convicted of killing Whites were punished severely, "to keep them in their place." More recent studies, p...

• Word Count: 3013
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography

... four Americans had the "option of voting Libertarian on November 3 -- far more than for any other 'alternative' party." (18:1) Best-selling author of Why Americans Hate Politics and Washington Post reporter A.J. Dionne noted "The resurgence of libertarianism was one of the most noted but most remarkable developments of recent years. During the 1970s and 1980s, antiwar, anti-authoritism, antigovernment and ... if the individual is not charged or acquitted of criminal charges. Surprisingly, once the property is seized the individual cannot get it back unless he is willing to file a claim,...

• Word Count: 7038
• Approx Pages: 28
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of Germany nothing changed. They were under the control of one dictator and then went under the control of another. They had Hitler during the war and then in the post war Eastern Germany had Stalin in charge. Some people would argue that Stalin was worse than Hitler, but that is a completely different story. The East took over all of the ... British set up an exchange program, which sent German "students and teachers, which averaged 2,000 Germans coming to Britain each year and over 1,000 Britons going to Germany" (Prittie 31). Post war Germany was on the path for a collision between t...

• Word Count: 4105
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... want to look into the range of those drones. It might surprise you to know they can't get here from there."" "Dana Priest, who covers the CIA for The Washington Post, says that while most intelligence may start out as objective, once it reaches the policymakers, its character tends to change. The president, she says, takes the information from the CIA ... intentionally by the government to serve some agenda, or, often to the dismay of government officials, can be leaked without their knowledge. For example, on November 10, 2002, the Washington Post and the New York Times both ran simila...

• Word Count: 3306
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: High School

The Cold War is a difficult term to define. It is a term used to describe the conflict between the U.S and Russia during the post-war period. However, there was no actual fighting between the two, just threats and anti-opposition propaganda. Another problem with the Cold war is that because it is a vague term, ... the west." (Leffer & Painter, Routledge, 1994, pg. 91) Despite the strength of the red army, Stalin knew that technologically he was still weaker than his opponents. And in these immediate post-war years, America had the atom bomb and the Soviet Union did not. In April 1949, the N...

• Word Count: 3123
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: High School

... would be lethal for his career at the voting booths. This system of power of the people is often used on many issues, not just war. During this time the Post-Vietnam Syndrome was formed. The U.S. did not want to get involved in another land war in South-East Asia, especially one highly unpopular with the public. The ... Post-Vietnam Syndrome was extremely limiting for future actions of the government. Interventions in Angola, Lebanon and Central America were problematic because of Vietnam. The public was leaning towards anti-intervention, ... to deface Hussein helped gain public opini...

• Word Count: 2945
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... the ongoing search for a national cultural identity. At the other end of this oral-literary spectrum, Cooper scrutinizes the lyrics of today's "dance hall" singer-DJs, purveyors of the thunderous, post-reggae music that has become the leading sound in Jamaican clubs and a major pop music export. Dance hall is marked by a beat as insistent as that of American gangsta rap ... and colonial rule, its ethnic mix, and its fiercely independent spirit, Jamaica is a microcosm of the multicultural energies from which nation-states of the post-colonial Caribbean were born. And as Cooper notes, eve...

• Word Count: 3725
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography

... of the 1950's obviously influenced designers in helping them come up with new and creative designs. One famous designer, still widely known today, was the most popular designer in the post-war period. Christian Dior was born in 1905 in Normandy, France. At first his parents insisted he study political science. After serving in the military, he went to Paris and ... success was so great that the House of Dior was earning roughly $15 million a year and was 66% of the French exports. He became the most influential designer in the post-war scene. Dior presented new styles often and had a sk...

• Word Count: 5852
• Approx Pages: 23
• Grade Level: High School

... , which is found to be the "way forward for humanity," and keeping the system together by creating a popular culture based on consumerism. This turns out to be a post-modern way of practicing authority in our post-modern lives. After all, we breathe visually. We live with images; both of ourselves and of other people. We talk with the symbols of a mechanised life ... worship our TV set, for He has enabled us to be what we are today. We are the children of a new clan, and TV is the Good Shepherd of the post-modern times, preaching the virtuous American way of life, and He has long establi...

• Word Count: 2823
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... offenders. While all three cases touched upon numerous issues, the critical question addressed in each was whether the "notification" requirements of those statutes constitute "punishment" for purposes of the Ex Post Facto Clause, in which event they could not be applied to probationers who committed crimes before the adoption of such notification requirements. On that simple issue, the courts struggled and ... strained to arrive at the conclusion that the notification provisions were not "punishment" and that, therefore, they did not offend the Ex Post Facto Clause of the Constitution....

• Word Count: 3927
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... his staff members who were found to of spied on and harassed political opponents, accepted illegal campaign contributions, and covered up their own misdeeds. On June 17, 1972, The Washington Post published a small story in which the reporters stated that five men had been arrested breaking into the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee. The democratic headquarters was located in a ... Washington, D.C. building complex called Watergate. The alleged men were caught carrying equipment to "wiretap" telephones and take pictures of documents. Two news reporters from the Washington ...

• Word Count: 2504
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... , minority family, these fees may be unaffordable. The inability for the student to take advantage of these preparatory options will thus affect their SAT score, thereby limiting their options for post-secondary education. From this, it can then be inferred that private and expensive SAT preparation courses increase scores for those who can afford to take them while restricting college opportunities ... system of higher education (Sacks 2007). Affordability of the SAT, however, is not the only factor that contributes to this highly exclusive, anti-minority system. The cost of simply atte...

• Word Count: 2568
• Approx Pages: 10