... idea of a Confederation, whilst Charles Albert wanted to expand his dynastic control over the new nation-state and Mazzini wanted a Republic. Although Mazzini did not achieve national unification under a Republic, he did manage to create a Republic in the Papal States known as the Roman Republic. Yet this was short-lived, as foreign troops -disgusted by Mazzini's treatment of the Pope and the reforms he issued ... - invaded the Roman Republic and restored the Pope as leader. However, in Germany the main problem was not expelling foreign troops, but of deciding what exactly constitutes t...

• Word Count: 3402
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... for it, though they were Protestants. The Centre was the rallying-point for those who, though German patriots, had a different German ideal- 'greater Germany', a resurrection of the Holy Roman Empire, ruled perhaps from [Catholic] Vienna, perhaps from Frankfurt, but certainly not from [Protestant] Berlin. Bismarck expressed this when he called the Centrists Reichsfeinde, enemies of the empire. [Catholic ... had driven the Social Democrats to the left and they adhered to the idea that the existing political and social institutions in Germany would be overthrown and replaced by a so...

• Word Count: 10254
• Approx Pages: 41
• Grade Level: Undergraduate