... artist who was associated with the Harlem Renaissance art movement. Douglas was born in Topeka, Kansas, and studied art at the University of Nebraska. He later moved to Harlem, New York, and soon became a preeminent artist. Douglas did many paintings, woodcut prints, murals, and book and magazine illustrations. Douglass, Frederick Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey Douglass (Feb. 7, 1817-Feb. 20, 1895) was ... the founders of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). DuBois was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. He was a gifted student who became a r...

• Word Count: 3305
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: High School

... simply turn a blind eye to these atrocities when committed by other civilians. The apex of this terror and violence occurred in Greenwich Village in New York City in June 1969. Police raided a bar frequented by gays, lesbians, and transgendered people called The Stonewall Inn. Police raids were a very prevalent ... and often violent occurrence at the time, typically ending up with the arrests of anyone underage, anyone in drag (New York state statute required people to wear a minimum of three pieces of attire "appropriate to ones gender"), and most employees; but this ... for homosexua...

• Word Count: 4166
• Approx Pages: 17
• Has Bibliography

... peace. King was later released in early February after the SCLC advertisement of "Letter from a Selma Jail" that was published in the New York Times. In his letter King addressed many of outrageous laws that were placed on African Americans simply because of the color of their skin. ( ... during the Civil Rights Movement that was a driving force behind many protests and demonstrations was the NAACP. The NAACP was formed in 1909 in New York City by a group of black citizens committed to helping to right social injustices. On February 12, with the signatures of 60 people, the "Call" was ....

• Word Count: 3309
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: High School

... SEC) and the Ambassador to Great Britain. Nevertheless, Joe Sr. always felt himself something of an outsider in the elite worlds of Boston, New York, and Washington, where a kind of genteel anti-Catholic and anti-Irish sentiment prevailed. Indeed, distrust of Catholics and immigrants was still a powerful ... Boston no longer made sense, and in September 1927 the family moved to a rented mansion in Riverdale, a leafy suburb of New York City. Shortly thereafter, they shifted again, to a house in nearby Bronxville. For three years, JFK went to the Riverdale School; this was ... for our sur...

• Word Count: 8348
• Approx Pages: 33
• Grade Level: High School

... shoot to kill arsonists and the main looters." The actions by Richard J. Daley, were a sign of respect of King. Ironically, a year before, Daley was against having King speak in the city of Chicago. King's following had fallen off in the years leading up to his death. His moment had passed. Since the triumph of his Slema campaign, which climaxed in the ... but world-weary friends who had navigated the traffic-blocked thruway and felt the new society emerging, half a million strong, stoned and happy on that muddy farm north of New York City. Both critics and fans concede that Woodstock h...

• Word Count: 3259
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... levels climbed to over 500,000. Opposition to the war grew as television and press coverage graphically showed the suffering of both civilians and conscripts. In 1965, demonstrations in New York City attracted 25,000 marchers; within two years, similar demonstrations drew several hundred thousand participants in Washington, DC, London, and other major capitals. Most of the demonstrations were peaceful, though ... music was plenty, and love was free. The music began Friday afternoon at 5:07 p.m. August 15, and continued until mid- morning Monday August 18. The festival closed the New Yor...

• Word Count: 4042
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... of marches and nonviolent action to protest segregation in Birmingham. ACMHR and SCLC sought to desegregate public facilities and attain equal employment opportunities for Birmingham's black citizens by targeting the city's department stores. Their demonstrations were met with arrests, assault by fire hoses and police dogs, and imprisonment. Mayoralty Election The Birmingham mayoralty election was to be held on ... to 1966, was primarily known for his role in containing the efforts of the Albany Movement, a group of civil rights organizations that in 1961 conducted a broad campaign agains...

• Word Count: 6336
• Approx Pages: 25

... civil rights leaders and caused major problems with the Nation of Islam. On February 21st, 1965 he was assassinated before giving a speech in New York. He was assassinated by 3 members of the Nation of Islam. Despite the assassins ties to the Nation of Islam, Elija Muhammad condemned the murder ... California in 1966. This group even had its own newspaper and expanded throughout the country to cities such as Dallas, Detroit, New Orleans and New York City. At the groups peak the membership reached numbers around 10,000. Despite its negative image the group actually did a lot of good for t...

• Word Count: 3205
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... treatment of blacks on public transportation, came together to take action. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Women's Political Council, the Baptist Ministers Conference, the city's African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Zionist ministers, and the community at large united to organize a boycott of the buses. After a successful first day of boycotting, the groups formed the Montgomery ... won more than it had asked for when the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a federal court decision that ruled against segregation in Montgomery. On December 21, 1956, the in...

• Word Count: 2619
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... agreed, and on December 5, 90% of Montgomery's Blacks stayed off the buses. Following the initial success, Nixon and Robinson arranged a meeting with the city's ministers to discuss the possibility of extending the boycott to a long-term campaign. During this meeting, the Montgomery Improvement Association was formed and King, Jr ... in support of the boycott. Both King's and Ralph Abernathy's homes were bombed and the membership of the local White Citizen's Council doubled. City officials obtained injunctions against the boycott in February 1956 and arrested 156 protesters under a 1921 ...

• Word Count: 3779
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography

... . The media frequently focused on communities devastated by deindustrialization and unemployment. The impact of globalization and deindustrialization was seen mainly in black inner-city communities. According William Julius Wilson, in his book When Work Disappears, "the overwhelming majority of African-Americans in the 1970s lacked ... the drug war hit high gear, the industrial employment of black men had plummeted to 28 percent. The abatement of employment opportunities among inner-city residents elevated incentives to sell drugs, namely crack cocaine. In 1985, crack hit the streets, l...

• Word Count: 4144
• Approx Pages: 17
• Has Bibliography

... to the Democratic party than any other Republican group, with the Republicans retaining the large majority of the black vote in the major black districts, with the exception of New York (Weiss 1984: 29-30). Throughout this time, black newspapers such as the Savannah Journal, and the Philadelphia Tribune were advocating a split in the black vote, a movement away from the Republican ... which began with the Depression, and ended after World War II. During this period many Blacks moved northward, and so became concentrated in the big cities such as Chicago, New York and Philadelphia, which...

• Word Count: 3336
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... poor a chance to buy just about the same as the average and over-average income people in the Chicago land area and throughout the cities. Groups were organized in the city's communities to improve the schools. Parents got more involved in their children education and their environment. In order to make sure their kids didn't experience the same communities got each ... War, and racial unrest increased. Throughout the nation demonstration was in major motion. Riots broke out in the overcrowded ghetto slums of Chicago, Los Angeles, Cleveland, Detroit, Newark, and New York City. From this...

• Word Count: 2625
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: High School

... the movement's membership. In 1961 he founded "Muhammad Speaks", the official publication of the movement. He was eventually assigned to be minister of the important Mosque Number Seven in New York City's Harlem area. He preached separation and therefore demanded a territory to build up a nation, where Blacks could govern themselves and control the institutions of the communities, separated from their former exploiters ... ...

• Word Count: 3965
• Approx Pages: 16
• Grade Level: High School

... truths about society. In many of his works Baldwin exposed racial and sexual topics about American society and challenged readers to confront and resolve these differences. Born in Harlem, New York in 1924, Baldwin had a relatively unhappy childhood. He grew up under harsh and struggling conditions in a very poor part of town. James grew up as the first of nine children ... more and more disgusted with racial matters in the United States and made Paris his home for ten years. Baldwin's imagination was made up of four main parts: church, self, city, and race. In his novels he suggested t...

• Word Count: 2515
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: High School