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Bismarck's Domestic Policy: 1871-1890

 

Officially, the chancellor was a one-man cabinet, who worked outside of the parliament and was responsible for the conduct of all state affairs; in practice, the State Secretaries (bureaucratic top officials in charge of such fields as finance, war, foreign affairs, etc.) acted as unofficial portfolio ministers. "Neither the Reichstag, nor the Bundesrat could do a thing against the chancellor. If the Reichstag voted against the chancellor, he would dissolve it rather than resign. However, the impregnable position of the chancellor had a single weak spot: he must be regarded by the Emperor as indispensable." .
             Conservative emperor Wilhelm I needed Biz to use his good relations with the liberals to convince them that the government's expenditures (most of which were military) and bills should be approved by the parliament. Biz was also needed to resist any liberal attempts to transform the parliament into a more powerful body. As we will see below, he would attempt to keep the liberals at bay through foreign policy successes and by introducing a degree of the domestic measures they supported. Of course, having parliament behind him gave Biz the extra weight he needed so that he could pursue his foreign policy objectives with as little interference from Wilhelm I as possible. "Maybe the king had imposed Bismarck on parliament; but the support of parliament enabled Bismarck to impose his will on the king." There we are; Biz's balance, maneuverability, and power.
             Essentially, due to the fact that Germany was in reality a new political construct, Biz had to set about consolidating his gains after pulling together the formerly disunited Germanic kingdoms. The aim of "nation building" is certainly a massive undertaking. With this goal in mind, during his "liberal" phase and "under Biz's direction, Germany was given all the qualities of a great modern state. The civil and criminal codes were ready before the making of the empire; a unified judicial system came into operation in 1873.


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