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Research has recorded prenatal cocaine exposure and genitourinary abnormalities of the neonates. However, recent studies indicated that a considerable case study on two hundred and sixty six babies has revealed genital organs disorders and defects (i.e.) hypospadias, bifid scrotum, imperforate anus with a rectovesical fistula) (Schiller, C., & Allen, P. 2005). Researchers also found there was significant danger of urinary track disorder during the initial stage of pregnancy.
The renal system studies on cocaine exposed infants, had renal ultrasound performed, which showed abnormalities in the appearance of the kidney shape which was similar to a horse shoe and exceptionally small in size. Also stimulation in neonates prenatally exposed to cocaine, revealed lower levels of stimulation as recorded by Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale (NBAS). Therefore, to improve stimulation, neonates had to be administered stimulus exposure; having these children exposed to stimulants the need became less to activate responses. .
Dalaney- Black (1996) research reported neonates with an abundant of fecal consolidation from cocaine metabolites resulted in limited motor skills and disorder in co-ordination. Also Scarfidi and colleagues noted there were irregularities in infants with (PCE) who displayed frequent signs of depression, sleeping disorders and abnormal levels of convulsion. "Heavily" PCE studies publish by Singer, Arendt, Minnes showed that infant's exposure to the substance abuse had a tendency to be hyperactive. It also showed they were subjective to an excess of tone and movement mobility resulting to deformity and sensory imbalance. Prenatal cocaine -exposed neonate/infants suffer effects to muscle tone such as stiff muscle and muscle spasm.
Health care studies stated that Prenatal Cocaine exposure (PCE) has had significant effects on language development. These defects influence the processing of academics knowledge and information.