Modernism also disregards that which is supernatural as it is not possible for it to be proven by science (Thompson, 1998).Caputo and Descartes greatly influenced this shift through the philosophies that they introduced.
There were many views of the universe before Copernicus introduced his heliocentric model that further sparked a major Scientific Revolution. Aristotle was the first to devise a plausible theory of the universe. He observed the heavens and noted that the sun's brightness changes depending on the time of the day. For example it rises in the morning and sets in the evening. He concluded that this thus implied that the sun moves and was not stationary. He thus combined observation with rational thought. With this he concluded that the earth was the centre and everything else revolved around it (Moring, 2001). Ptolemy followed 400 years later by devising a theory of how the universe is laid out in 100AD. He did this through combining his cosmology and astronomy with Aristotle's physics. He mainly focused on the motion of the sun, planets and moon and uses geometrical models. He used this to develop a planetary theory which was a mathematical scheme used to calculate the positions of the sun, planets and the moon. His theory of the universe argued that the Moon, Sun, Stars, Planets and celestial objects orbited the earth. In addition, the Earth which was assumed to be at the centre of universe, was stagnant thus did not move. (Koupelis, 2010). In 1543 a priest named Copernicus published a book called 'De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium". In this book he discussed his heliocentric theory which argued that the Sun is the centre of the universe and does not move just like the stars. Furthermore, he theorised that the Moon orbits the earth while planets orbit the Sun. In order for him to set forth this theory he used Ptolemy's observations, emulated his methods and adopted the parameters of his mathematics.