The relationship between voltage and resistance is given by Ohm's law, which is formulated by (Physicsclassroom, 2016). Consequently, increasing the voltage increases the rate of metal deposition. With this however, precaution must be taken as increasing the voltage may lead to an extra or different electrolysis taking place. This is due to each electrolysis requiring a certain minimum voltage for it to occur; if within a cell two or more processes can become active at different voltages. For instance, the process which requires a low voltage start may become active alone at an low voltage however, at high voltages both the high and low processes may become active. For example, electrolysing a solution containing both copper and silver ions, at a low voltage only silver would deposit but at an high voltage both metals would become active.
Conductance, measured in Siemens, is tendency of which a substance allows current to flow through it, it is the reciprocal of resistance. Resistance of an electrolytic cell would decrease as the conductance increased and vice-versa. This is formulated via . Therefore, the higher the conductance the greater the current for a fixed voltage. The factors effecting conductance within electroplating includes the concentration of electrolyte, surface area of the electrodes and distance between electrodes (Kahn Academy, 2016). As the concentration of an electrolyte is increased there are more ions per unit of volume, therefore there would be more ions readily available to be satisfied by electrons; this would increase the conductance and therefore would lead to a greater amount of metal deposition per unit of time. The greater the surface area of the electrodes the greater the electrical conductance as there is more area for the ions to react with electrons from the cathode and donate electrons to the anode. This would therefore increase the amount of metal deposited per unit of time.