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M.butterfly

 

            Critical thinking involves deliberating in a purposeful, organized manner to assess the value of information.
             The following barriers to critical thinking.
             1. Existing beliefs: we are culturally conditioned to resist change and feel that own way is best.
             2. Wishful thinking: believing things that we know are not true because we want them to be true.
             3. Hasty Moral Judgments: Do you tend to evaluate someone or something as good or bad, right or wrong, and remain fixed in this thinking? Such judgments are often prejudiced, intolerant, emotional, and self-righteous. .
             4. Reliance on Authority: Government, doctors, religious leaders, and teachers do thinking for them.
             5. Labels: Labels oversimplify, distort the truth, stereotype, and often incite anger and rejection.
             Recognize an argument.
             An argument is an assertion or set of assertions that supports a conclusion and is intended to persuade.
             Four steps in critical thinking:.
             1. Identify the issue.
             The issue in argument is what the author is trying to convince you to believe .
             2. Identify the support for the argument.
             _The supports are the reasons or evidence.
             _Type of supporting details: Facts, Examples, Analogies, Authority, Causal, Common knowledge, Statistics, Personal experiences.
             3. Evaluate the support.
             _Valid arguments are logically supported by well reasons or evidence, whereas Fallacious arguments can be supported by the crafty use of reason or evidence.
             I. Relevance Fallacies: Testimonial, Transfer, Ad Hominem, Bandwagon, Straw Person, Misleading Analogy or Faulty comparison, Red Herring.
             II. Believability Fallacies: Incomplete Facts or Card Stacking, Misinterpreted Statistics, Overgeneralization or Hasty Generalization, Questionable Authority, Hypostatization.
             III. Consistency Fallacies: Appeal to Pity, Appeal to Emotion, Oversimplification or Either/Or argument, Begging the Question or Circular Reasoning, Slippery Slope, Non Sequitur, Post Hoc Ergo propter Hoc.


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