In a country with no provincial public services, free migration would lead to an efficient allocation of labor resources across provinces. Efficiency would require marginal product of labor, which is the real wage rate, be equalized across provinces. And since labor would migrant till real wage rate is the same across regions, free migration of labor would result in an efficient allocation of labor. With migration costs, efficient labor allocation is that the marginal product of labor net of migration costs be equalized across provinces. .
Once provinces are collecting taxes and providing public services in a decentralized federation, free migration of labor is no longer efficient. A person's real income is his or her real wage minus taxes, plus everything he or she can get from the provincial government, including both goods and services. Every province has different public services depending on their tax revenues and government's own decisions. And a person would choose to reside where he or she can get the highest real income, which is real wage minus tax and plus public services. If real wage is the same across provinces, then the difference is public services minus tax, which is called the net fiscal benefit. Now, free migration results in net fiscal benefit being equalized instead of real wage. So anything that causes net fiscal benefit to be different will raise an incentive to inefficient migration. .
Robin Boadway listed three prominent sources from which net fiscal benefit differentials across provinces may arise. The first one is from the differences in source-based tax revenues. Under Canadian constitution, provinces have access to revenues from non-renewable resources within their own borders. Oil and gas revenues are of the most contentious issues surrounding equalization. For provinces that are rich in resources, the net fiscal benefit is higher than other provinces. When the province imposes a tax on the resources, everyone in the province gets a share of the revenues; and so the province is able to provide public service of an amount that exceeds the per capita tax.
On March 28,1917 the House of Commons, with an overwhelming majority, voted to allow women, over the age of 30 who were householders, wives of householders, occupiers of property with a rent payment, and graduates of British universities, the right to vote. Finally, in March of 1928 a bill was introduced giving men and women equalized voting rights. ... The government, therefore, equalized the power differences between men and women. ...
Employees in hardship countries can also receive additional leave expense payments and rest and rehabilitation periods (Dowling, 186-187). ... A policy must be competitive and it must recognize factors such as incentive for Foreign Service, tax equalization, and reimbursement for reasonable costs. ... This is payment to make up the differences in expenditures between home and in the foreign country. ... Relocation allowances pay for the costs of moving, shipping, storage, temporary living arrangements, subsidies for vehicles purchases, and down payment or lease related charges. ... In th...
The argument considers the effects of international transactions in a gold standard, a system in which gold is the official means of international payments and each nation's currency is in the form of gold itself or of paper currency fully convertible into gold. ... Moreover, since private capital moved swiftly to offset any balance of payments shocks, there was no need to ship gold across the Atlantic Ocean (though some gold shipment actually occurred). The overall balance of payments (=current account + capital account) could be kept near zero instantaneously as long as capital was mob...
The State Board of Equalization estimates that around 25,000 affiliates are located in California - 10,000 of which make money from Amazon. ... Rockwell plans to move out of state in order to recover his payments (Lifsher). ...
The paternalistic powers gave women what they thought they needed for an equalizer, not understanding the need for self-affirmation and independence. ... Economic sanctions include: payment of an "excess child levy" as compensation to the state for the cost of another child to the country; reduction in the family's grain ration (or higher prices) for producing a "surplus" child; limitations on additional land for private plots and the right to collective grain in times of flood and drought; and ineligibility for promotion for four years, demotion, or reduction in wages (And...
After looking at the vast amount of differences in management techniques from one nation or culture to the next, it became apparent that a paper on the subject would be extremely general. I decided to narrow my focus to expatriates and the changes that have taken place over the past decade or so th...
However, some people argue that non-smokers live longer than smokers do and will use healthcare services for a longer period of time, thus equalizing these costs. ... If a smoker becomes seriously ill and can not work, then they may become dependent on the government for housing and medical costs (in-kind transfer payments). ...
The most prominent item in dispute was the Funds reliance on gender and race-based data for work-life estimates from the Bureau of labor Statistics to calculate Fund compensation, which would result in lower payments to both women and minorities. ... I devoted a portion of this discussion to certain payments (specifically unpaid services) handled under the guise of Economic Loss that are either not addressed or underpaid to those who deserve it most (women). ... For cases such as this the Compensation Fund authorized advance payment of small fund awards ($50,000 for death benefits and $25,000...
As the great equalizer or leveler, the Web would give every American access to more education, business, public services, and economic power than ever before. ... My desire to get a new personal computer was interfering with my responsibilities toward providing my family with food and bills payments at home. ...